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Genitourinary-Part 2 (WOMEN) > Structural and Functional Organization of the Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Structural and Functional Organization of the Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Term for external genitals of the female?

A

Vulva, or pudendum

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2
Q

Which organs produce secondary oocytes?

A

The ovaries

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3
Q

Which organs arise from the same embryonic tissue as the testes?

A

The ovaries

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4
Q

What type of hormones are produced by the ovaries?

A

Progesterone and estrogen (female sex hormones)
Inhibn and relaxin

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5
Q

What is the layer of simple epithelium that covers the surface of the ovary?

A

Germinal epithelium

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6
Q

What is the region in the ovaries that is a region of dense connective tissue that contains ovarian follicles?

A

Ovarian cortex

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7
Q

what does each follicle consist of?

A

an oocyte and a variable number of surrounding cells that nourish it and begin to secrete estrogens as the follicle grows larger.

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8
Q

what type of follicle is a large, fluid filled follicle that is preparing to rupture and expel a secondary oocyte.

A

a mature (graafian) follicle

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9
Q

what do the remnants of an ovulated follicle develop into?

A

a corpus luteum

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10
Q

what does the corpus luteum develop?

A

progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin

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11
Q

what will the corpus luteum degenerate into?

A

a fibrous tissue called a corpus albicans

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12
Q

what is in the ovarian medulla?

A

loose connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

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13
Q

what transports the secondary oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus?

A

the uterine (fallopian) tubes.

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14
Q

what is the open, funnel shaped end of the fallopian tubes called that opens to the pelvic cavity?

A

infundibulum

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15
Q

what is on the end of the the infundibulum that looks like a fringe of fingerlike projections?

A

fimbriae

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16
Q

how do secondary oocytes travel into the uterine tube?

A

by local currents produced by movements of the fimbriae, which surround the surface of the mature follicle just before ovulation occurs.

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17
Q

from the fimbriae, how is the oocyte moved along the tube to the the uterus?

A

cilia in the tubes mucus lining and peristaltic contractions of its smooth muscle layer

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18
Q

what is the usual site of fertilization of a secondary oocyte by a sperm cell?

A

in the uterine (fallopian tube)

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19
Q

fertilization can occur any time up to about how may hours after ovulation?

A

24 hrs.

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20
Q

what are secondary oocytes called once fertilized?

A

ovum (zygote)

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21
Q

the fertilized ovum (zygote) descends into the uterus within how many days?

A

7 days

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22
Q

what happens to unfertilized secondary oocytes?

A

they disintegrate

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23
Q

what is the site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus, and labor?

A

Uterus

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24
Q

what is the source of menstrual flow?

A

the uterus

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25
Q

where is the uterus situated?

A

between the urinary bladder and the rectum

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26
Q

what are the parts of the uterus?

A

the dome shaped portion superior to the uterine tubes (fundus), the tapering central portion called the body, and the narrow portion opening to the vagina called the cervix.

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27
Q

what is the uterine cavity?

A

the interior of the body of the uterus

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28
Q

what do you call the layers of the uterus?

A

the middle muscular layer of the uterus is the myometrium, the innermost portion called the endometrium that has a mucous membrane.

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29
Q

what forms the bulk of the uterine wall?

A

the myometrium

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30
Q

what does the endometrium contain that nourishes the sperm and zygote?

A

the secretions of the endometrial glands.

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31
Q

what is the recess called that surrounds the cervix?

A

the fornix

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32
Q

where is the vagina situated?

A

between the urinary bladder and the rectum

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33
Q

what does a contraceptive diaphragm rest on when covering the cervix?

A

the fornix

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34
Q

the decomposition of what on the mucosa of the vagina produces organic acids?

A

large stores of glycogen.

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35
Q

what is the purpose of the acidic environment within the vagina?

A

slow microbial growth, but it is also harmful to sperm.

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36
Q

what helps neutralize the acidity of the vagina and increases the viability of sperm in the vagina?

A

alkaline secretions, mainly from the seminal vesicles.

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37
Q

what is the thin fold of mucous membrane partially covering the vaginal orifice?

A

the hymen (membrane)

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38
Q

what is the diamond shaped area between the thighs and buttocks of both males and females that contains the external genitals and anus?

A

the perineum

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39
Q

what is the term for the external genitals of the female?

A

vulva, or pudendum

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40
Q

what is the elevation of adipose tissue covered by coarse pubic hair, which cushions the pubic symphysis

A

Mons Pubis

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41
Q

what are the two longitudinal folds of skin extend down from the mons pubis?

A

labia majora

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42
Q

what is singular for labia majora?

A

labium majus

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43
Q

the labia majora develops from the same embryonic tissue as what in males?

A

scrotum

44
Q

what is the type of tissue and glands on the labia majora?

A

adipose tissue and sebaceous (oil) and sudoriferous (sweat ) glands

45
Q

what is contained in the labia minora?

A

numerous sebaceous (oil) glands, a few sudoriferous (sweat) glands.

46
Q

where is the clitoris located?

A

anterior junction of the labia minora

47
Q

what is formed at a point where the labia minora unite and covers the body of the clitoris?

A

the prepuce ( or foreskin)

48
Q

what is the exposed portion of the clitoris called?

A

the glans

49
Q

what is the region between the labia minoras called?

A

the vestibule

50
Q

what is located in the vestibule?

A

hymen if present.
vaginal orifice
urethral orifice
the openings of the ducts of the paraurethral glands (Skene glands)

51
Q

what is on either side of the vaginal opening?

A

the greater vestibular glands, Bartholin glands

52
Q

what produces a small quantity of mucus during sexual arousal and intercourse that adds to cervical mucus and provides lubrication?

A

the Bartholin glands

53
Q

the males prostate develops from the same embryonic tissue as the females _________ glands.

A

Skene

54
Q

what are modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk?

A

mammary glands

55
Q

Why does the areola appear rough?

A

because it contains modified sebaceous (oil) glands

56
Q

how are the mammary glands arranged?

A

15-20 lobes arranged radially, separated by adipose tissue and strands of connective tissue

57
Q

what are the suspensory ligaments of the breast called?

A

Coopers ligaments

58
Q

what are the smaller lobules called that secrete milk?

A

alveoli

59
Q

what hormones contribute to the development of female breasts?

A

estrogen and progesterone

60
Q

what is the function of the mammary glands?

A

synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk (lactation)

61
Q

milk production is stimulated by which hormone?

A

prolactin from the anterior pituitary

62
Q

the ejection of milk is stimulated by what hormone?

A

oxytocin, released from the posterior pituitary in response to the sucking of an infant on the mothers nipple.

63
Q

what is the term for formation and development of gametes in females?

A

oogenesis

64
Q

what body structures control the hormonal main events of oogenesis?

A

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and ovaries

65
Q

steroid hormones released by the _______ control the uterine (menstrual) cyle

A

ovaries

66
Q

if fertilization does not occur, the levels of ______ hormones decrease which causes part of the endometrium to slough off

A

ovarian

67
Q

what does the term “female reproductive cycle” encompass?

A

the ovarian and uterine cycles, the hormonal changes that regulate them, and the related cyclical changes in the breast and cervix.

68
Q

GnRH secreted by the _______ controls the ovarian and uterine cycles?

A

hypothalamus

69
Q

GnRH stimulates the release of _________ and ___________ from the anterior pituitary gland

A

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

70
Q

what initiates follicular growth and the secretion of estrogens by the growing follicles?

A

FSH

71
Q

what stimulates the further development of ovarian follicles and their full secretion of estrogens after FSH?

A

LH

72
Q

at mid cycle, ______ triggers ovulation and then promotes formation of the corpus luteum, the reason for the name.

A

LH

73
Q

stimulated by LH, the ________ produces and secretes estrogen’s, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin

A

corpus luteum.

74
Q

what promotes the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, feminine secondary sex characteristics, and the mammary glands?

A

Estrogens

75
Q

what do the “secondary sex characteristics” include

A

distribution of adipose tissue in the breasts, abdomen, mons pubis, and hips, a broad pelvis, and the pattern of hair growth and the head and body.

76
Q

_____________ stimulate protein synthesis. Acting together with insulin like growth factors, insulin, and thyroid hormones

A

estrogens

77
Q

__________ lowers blood cholesterol level.

A

Estrogens

78
Q

progesterone, secreted from the corpus luteum, act together with what to prepare and maintain the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum

A

estrogens

79
Q

what relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium?

A

relaxin, produced by the corpus luteum during each monthly cycle

80
Q

what helps dilate the uterine cervix and increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis at the end of pregnancy?

A

relaxin

81
Q

what is secreted by growing follicles and by the corpus luteum after ovulation?

A

inhibin

82
Q

what does inhibin, inhibit?

A

secretion of FSH and to a lesser extent LH

83
Q

the duration of the female reproductive cycle is how many days?

A

varies from 24 to 36, but usually we say 28.

84
Q

what are the four phases of the reproductive cycle?

A

menstrual phase, pre ovulatory phase, ovulation, and the post ovulatory phase

85
Q

what marks the first day of a new cycle?

A

the first day of menstruation

86
Q

menstrual flow from the uterus consists of tissue from the endometrium and how much blood?

A

50-150 mL of blood.

87
Q

why does the discharge of menstrual flow occur?

A

because of the declining levels of ovulation hormones (progesterone and estrogen) cause uterine arteries to constrict. as a result the cells they supply die and slough off.

88
Q

what is the time called between the end of menstruation and ovulation?

A

pre ovulatory phase

89
Q

the preovulatory phase is which days of the cycle?

A

6 to 13

90
Q

what hormone influences the growth of follicles and helps them begin to secrete estrogen and inhibin?

A

FSH

91
Q

by which day has a single follicle outgrown the others?

A

day 6

92
Q

what decreases the secretion of FSH?

A

estrogen and inhibin secreted by the dominant follicle decreases the secretion of FSH, which causes other follicles to stop growing and die.

93
Q

what is another term for the mature follicle?

A

graafian

94
Q

during maturation, the follicle continues to increase its production of estrogen under the influence of what?

A

LH

95
Q

with reference to the ovarian cycle, which parts of the female reproductive cycle are grouped together to be called the follicular phase?

A

the menstrual phase and the pre ovulatory phase.

96
Q

what stimulates the repair of the endothelium?

A

estrogens liberated into the blood by growing ovarian follicles.

97
Q

the ovulation period falls on which days in the cycle?

A

the 14th day.

98
Q

what brings about the rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and it’s expulsions of a secondary oocyte?

A

the surge of LH promoted by GnRH release.

99
Q

how long is the postovulatory phase?

A

14 days

100
Q

which phase of the reproductive cycle is the most constant in duration?

A

the postovulatory phase

101
Q

stimulated by LH, the remaining follicular cells in the ovaries form what?

A

the corps luteum, which secretes progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibin.

102
Q

what do you call the phase which the corpus luteum secretes hormones after ovulation (in reference to the ovulation cycle)

A

the luteal phase

103
Q

if they oocyte is not fertilized, how long does the corpus luteum last?

A

for only two weeks

104
Q

what causes the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH to rise postovulatory?

A

the drop of progesterone, estrogens, and inhibin. the lack of negative feedback suppression.

105
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if the secondary oocyte is fertilized?

A

it is “rescued” from degeneration by hCG, a hormone produced by the embryo. HCG stimulates secretory activity of the corpus luteum.

Genitourinary-Part 2 (WOMEN) (24 decks)

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