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Genitourinary > Structural and Functional Organization of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Structural and Functional Organization of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the urinary system

A

two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra

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2
Q

What is the study of anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the kidneys?

A

Nephrology

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3
Q

What is the branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary system?

A

urology

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4
Q

What are the 5 functions of the kidneys?

A

Regulation of ion levels
regulation of blood volume and pressure
regulation of blood pH
Production of hormones
Excretion of wastes

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5
Q

How do the kidneys regulate blood pressure

A

secrete renin, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathways, by adjusting blood flow into and out of the kidneys, and by adjusting blood volume.

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6
Q

how do kidneys regulate blood pH?

A

by excreting variable amounts of H+ in the urine, and conserve HCO3.

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7
Q

What are the two hormones produced by the kidneys?

A

Calcitirol and Erythopoietin.

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8
Q

what is calcitriol?

A

active form of Vitamin D, helps regulate calcium homeostasis.

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9
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

stimulates production of red blood cells

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10
Q

what do the kidneys excrete as waste?

A

ammonia and urea
bilirubin
creatinine
uric acid
foreign substances

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11
Q

Where do the kidneys lie?

A

L3-T12, between peritoneum and back wall of the abdominal cavity, on either side of the vertebral column

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12
Q

Which kidney is lower?

A

right kidney

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13
Q

what is the indentation on the medial border of the kidney?

A

renal hilum

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14
Q

what goes in and out of the renal hilum?

A

the ureter leaves from here and blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit.

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15
Q

what is the connective tissue sheath that helps maintain the shame of the kidney and serves as a barrier against trauma?

A

the renal capsule

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16
Q

what surrounds the renal capsule and cushions the kidney, anchoring it to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

adipose tissue

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17
Q

what are the two main interior regions of the kidneys?

A

renal cortex
renal medulla

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18
Q

what fills the spaces between the cone shaped renal pyramids inside the medulla?

A

renal columns, which are extensions of the renal cortex.

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19
Q

urine formed in the kidneys passes through what?

A

papillary ducts w in the renal pyraminds into cuplike structures called minor calyces.

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20
Q

how many minor calyces does each kidney have?

A

8-12

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21
Q

how many major calyces do kidneys have?

A

2-3

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22
Q

what is the renal pelvis?

A

collects urine from the major calyces, drains into a ureter which transports urine into the bladder.

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23
Q

How much blood at any given time is in the kidneys?

A

20-25% of the cardiac output, 1200 milliliters of blood per minute.

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24
Q

The arteries that flow INTO the kidney eventually reduce to what smaller vessel?

A

afferent arterioles, into the tangled capillary network called the glomerulus

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25
Q

the capillaries of the glomerulus reunite to form what?

A

efferent arteriole

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26
Q

after leaving the glomerulus, the efferent arterioles form a network around what?

A

the kidney tubules. these peritubular capillaries form peritubular veins.

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27
Q

What is the name for the functional units of the kidneys?

A

the nephrons

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28
Q

all the smaller veins (e.g. peritubular> interlobular>arcuate> and interlobar veins) ultimately drain into what?

A

the renal vein.

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29
Q

two parts of the neprhon:

A

renal corpuscle
renal tubule

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30
Q

what is filtered fluid called that passes into the renal tubule?

A

glomerular filtrate

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31
Q

two parts that make up the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowmans) capsule

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32
Q

three main sections of the renal tubule.

A

in the order that fluid passes through it:

proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule

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33
Q

which part of the renal tubule extends into the renal medulla

A

the loop of henle

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34
Q

what are the basic processes performed by the nephrons and collecting ducts?

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.

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35
Q

what is the first step in urine production?

A

glomerular filtration.

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36
Q

where does filtration occur crossing the wall of glomerular capillaries?

A

glomeruli

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37
Q

at what point does the filtered fluid that has undergone tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion get called urine?

A

when it enters the minor and major calyx.

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38
Q

what is the space between the renal corpuscle and the glomerular capsule called?

A

capsular space

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39
Q

what forms the filtration membrane?

A

the podocytes (inner wall of the glomerular capsule) and the glomerular endothelium.

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40
Q

what forms the outer layer of the glomerular capsule?

A

simple squamous epithelial cells

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41
Q

what creates the pressure that causes filtration in the kidneys?

A

the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries.

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42
Q

what are the two pressures that oppose glomerular filtration?

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure
and glomerular capsule pressure (due to the fluid in the capsular space and renal tubule)

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43
Q

normal blood pressure is greater than the two opposing pressures of the glomerular capillaries, producing a net filtration of how much mmHg?

A

10mmHg

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44
Q

how many liters daily does net filtration pressure force into the capsular space for males and females?

A

150 L daily for females, 180 L daily for males

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45
Q

formula for net filtration pressure

A

NFP= glomerular capillary BP - (blood colloidal osmotic pressure + glomerular capsule pressure)

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46
Q

what helps raise the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries?

A

the fact that the efferent arteriole is smaller in diameter than the afferent arteriole

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47
Q

what process helps keep net filtration pressure steady to maintain normal glomerular filtration?

A

changes in the diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles (constricted afferent = decrease, constriction of efferent = increase)

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48
Q

what is the amount of filtrate that forms in the both kidneys every minute called?

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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49
Q

GFR rate in adults

A

105 ml/min in females, 125 ml/min in males

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50
Q

what happens if the GFR is too high?

A

needed substances pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are unable to be reabsorbed and pass out of the body as urine.

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51
Q

what happens if GFR is too low?

A

waste products are not adequately secreted

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52
Q

what hormone increases GFR?

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP). it promotes loss of sodium ions and water in urine

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53
Q

what secretes ANP?

A

cells in the atria of the heart if it is stretched more, as occurs when blood volume increases.

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54
Q

what happens with greater sympathetic stimulation of the kidneys?

A

the afferent arterioles are constricted reducing GFR, Net Filtration, and urine output, conserving blood volume and permits greater blood flow to other body tissues (as in hemorrhaging or excercise)

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55
Q

at what point does filtered fluid become tubular fluid?

A

once it enters the proximal convoluted tubule.

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56
Q

what percentage of glomerular filtrate actually leaves the body in urine?

A

1%. the fluid that actually drain into the renal pelvis.

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57
Q

what type of cells along the renal tubules and colleting ducts carry out tubular reabsorption?

A

epithelial cells

58
Q

proximal convoluted tubule cells make the largest contribution to reabsorbing, by reabsorbing what?

A

65% of filtered water, 100% of filtered glucose and amino acids, and large quantities of ions ( sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium)

59
Q

how does reabsorption of solutes into the peritubular capillaries promote reabsorption of water?

A

water moves by osmosis into the peritubular capillaries following the concentration gradient of solutes in the peritubular capillaries.

60
Q

where are the cells that “fine tune” reabsorption for homeostatic balances of water and ions?

A

cells located distal to the proximal convoluted tubule.

61
Q

what are the two ways that tubular secretion happens?

A

passive diffusion and active transport processes.

62
Q

what are the secreted substances?

A

Hydrogen Ions (H+) potassium (K+) ammonia (NH3) urea, creatinine and certain drugs such as penicillin.

63
Q

what is a waste product that is produced when amino groups are removed from amino acids?

A

Ammonia

64
Q

what cells convert ammonia to urea?

A

liver cells.

65
Q

to eliminate acids, the cells of the renal tubules secrete what ion into the tubular fluid?

A

H+|

66
Q

what are the most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion?

A

Angiotensin II and aldosterone

67
Q

what does angiotensin II enhance reabsorption of in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Sodium and Chlorine

68
Q

What hormone simulates the tubules cells of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl- and secrete more K+?

A

aldosterone

69
Q

what stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone?

A

angiotensin II

70
Q

what hormone increases glomerular filtration rate but also plays a minor role in inhibiting the reabsorption of Na+?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

71
Q

what is the major hormone that regulates water reabsorption?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

72
Q

when the concentration of water in the blood decreases by as little as 1%, osmoreceptors located where stimulate the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary?

A

hypothalamus

73
Q

lower than normal levels of Ca in the blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release what hormone?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

74
Q

in addition to stimulating cells in the distal convoluted tubules to reabsorb more Ca in the blood, what else does PTH do?

A

inhibits HPO4 (phosphate) reabsorption, promoting phosphate excretion.

75
Q

what is the normal volume of urine eliminated per day in a normal adult?

A

1-2 Liters. water is 95% of it.

76
Q

in addition to urea, creatinine, potassium, and ammonia, what are the other typical solutes normally prese in urine?

A

uric acid, sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfate, phosphate, and calcium ions.

77
Q

what are the structures that transport and eliminate urine?

A

Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra

78
Q

what prevents backflow of urine when pressure build up in the bladder during urination?

A

the ureters passing under the urinary bladder for several centimeters.

79
Q

what condition could happen if the “backflow valve” of the ureters passing under the bladder is not operating?

A

cystitis (urinary bladder inflammation)

80
Q

what are the three layers of the ureters?

A

mucosa
smooth muscle
areolar connective tissue (containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves)

81
Q

what holds the urinary bladder in position?

A

folds of peritoneum.

82
Q

what is the average urinary bladder capacity?

A

700-800 mL

83
Q

what are the three layers of smooth muscle in the muscular layer of the urinary bladder called?

A

detrusor muscle

84
Q

the peritoneum of the bladder covers which surface of the bladder?

A

the peritoneum.

85
Q

what allows for a marked advantage of for any organ that must accommodate a variable volume of fluid?

A

transitional epithelium. (containted in the inner layer of the ureters and bladder)

86
Q

which urethral sphincter is voluntary and which is involuntary?

A

the internal urethral sphincter is involuntary.

87
Q

when the volume of urine in the urinary bladder exceeds how many ml, do the stretch receptors in ins wall transmit nerve impulses into the spinal cord?

A

200-400 mL

88
Q

what is the micturition reflex?

A

parasympathetic impulses from spinal cord contract detrusor muscles and relax internal urethral sphincter.

simultaneously, the spinal cord inhibits somatic motor neurons, relaxing external urethral sphincter

89
Q

what will usually occur prior to the micturition reflex happening?

A

you will have a sensation of fullness that initiates a desire to urinate.

90
Q

fluid makes up what percentages of total body mass in lean adults?

A

between 55% and 60%

91
Q

what do you call intracellular fluid and what fraction of your body fluid is kept there?

A

cytosol. 2/3rds.

92
Q

what percentage of ECF is interstitial fluid?

A

80%

93
Q

what percentage of ECF is blood plasma?

A

20%

94
Q

what are other ECF that are grouped with interstitial fluid?

A

lymph
CSF
Synovial
aqueous humor and vitreous body in the eye
endo- and perilymph
pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal fluids

95
Q

what separates each cells intracellular fluid from the surrounding ICF?

A

plasma membrane

96
Q

what separates the ICF from blood plasma?

A

blood vessel walls

97
Q

what percentage of total body mass does water make up?

A

45-75%

98
Q

what is closely interrelated with fluid balance in the body?

A

electrolytes

99
Q

the main source of body water are ingested liquids, about _____ mL, and moist foods, about ________ mL from the GI tract. which totals to about ______ mL/day.

A

1600, 700, 2300

100
Q

how much water in the body is the result during chemical reactions, or “metabolic water”

A

200

101
Q

total daily water gains is about how many mL?

A

2500

102
Q

what governs the urge to drink?

A

the hypothalamus at the thirst center

103
Q

what percentage of fluid loss triggers mild dehydration?

A

2%

104
Q

what two things stimulate the thirst center?

A

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus and angiotensin II in the blood.

105
Q

what is the main factor that determines body fluid volume?

A

urinary salt, NaCL

106
Q

what are the three hormones that regulate the extent of renal Na+ and Cl- reabsorption?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), angiotensin II , and aldosterone.

107
Q

what is the major hormone that regulates water loss?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

108
Q

what stimulates the release of ADH?

A

increase in osmotic pressure of body fluids ( a decrease in the water concentration of the fluids)

109
Q

what does ADH do?

A

promotes insertion of water channels into the plasma membrane of cells in the collecting ducts of the kidneys.

110
Q

in contrast to ADH, what does the intake of plain water do to osmotic pressure?

A

plain water decreases the osmotic pressure of blood and interstitial fluid.

within minutes, ADH secretion shuts down, water channels are removed from cell membranes and as a result more water is lost in urine.

111
Q

osmotic pressure increase in interstitial fluid will make your cells do what?

A

shrink

112
Q

a decrease in osmotic pressure in interstitial fluid will make your cells do what?

A

swell.

113
Q

what are the most abundant extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium ions. (Na+})

114
Q

what are the most prevalent anions in extracellular fluid?

A

Chloride ions

115
Q

what are the most abundant intracellular cations?

A

potassium (K+)

116
Q

how does K+ help regulate the pH of body fluids?

A

when K+ moves in or out of cells, it is often exchanged for H+.

117
Q

what controls the renal collecting ducts to secrete more K+ and therefore controls its levels in the blood plasma?

A

aldosterone

118
Q

where is 98% of the calcium in adults?

A

skeleton and teeth

119
Q

in body fluids, calcium is mainly what?

A

an extracellular cation.

120
Q

what are the two main regulators of Ca2 in the blood plasma?

A

PTH and calcitriol.

121
Q

how does PTH regulate Ca2?

A

PTH stimulates osteoclasts in bone tissue to release Ca2 (and phosphates) from bone matrix. PTH enhances reabsorption of Ca2 from glomerular filtrate back into blood and increases calcitriol.

122
Q

how does calcitriol (the form of vitamin D that acts as a hormone) help regulate Ca2?

A

increases Ca2 absorption from the GI tract.

123
Q

when electrolytes break apart they form ions. what are the four general functions of those ions from that process?

A

control osmosis of water
maintain the acid base balance
carry electrical current
serve as cofactor needed for optimal activity of enzymes.

124
Q

why is the maintenance of an acid-base balance in the body of critical importance?

A

the three dimensional shape of all body proteins, which enables them to perform specific functions, are very sensitive to minor changes in pH.

125
Q

pH of a healthy systemic arterial blood?

A

7.35 and 7.45

126
Q

what are the three mechanisms that the removal of H+ is dependent on?

A

buffer systems, exhalation of carbon dioxide, and kidney excretion of H+ in urine.

127
Q

what are the principal buffer systems of the body.

A

protein buffer system
Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer system
phosphate buffer system

128
Q

which buffer system has a carboxyl group that releases H+, and an amino group that combines with H+, able to buffer both acids and bases?

A

protein buffer system

129
Q

which buffer system can act as a weak acid or a weak base?

A

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System

130
Q

Which buffer system is high in intracellular fluid and is an important regulator of pH in the cystosol?

A

Phosphate Buffer system

131
Q

when blood acidity increases (increase in H+, decrease in pH #) is detected by chemoreceptors located where? in turn stimulates the inspiratory area where?

A

chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata and in the aortic and carotid bodies. which stimulates inspiratory area in the medulla oblongota.

132
Q

what is the only way to eliminate most acids that form in the body? (hint: it’s also the slowest mechanism for it)

A

kidney excretion of H+

133
Q

what is the defined acidity of blood in acidosis?

A

7.35

134
Q

what is the effect of acidosis on the body?

A

depression of the CNS through depression of synaptic depression. If pH falls below 7, individuals become disoriented, comatose, and may die.

135
Q

alkalosis is defined as blood over which pH value?

A

7.45

136
Q

effects of alkalosis on the body:

A

nervousness, muscle spasms, convulsions, over excitability of the CNS, and death.

137
Q

what is the term for when hypoventilation or hyperventilation can help bring blood pH back to normal range?

A

respiratory compensation.

138
Q

what will kick in if someone has altered blood pH due to respiratory causes?

A

renal compensation.

139
Q

what is the effectiveness and speed at which respiratory compensation works?

A

occurs within minutes and reaches it maximum within hours.

140
Q

what is the speed at which renal compensation takes to become effective?

A

may begin in minutes, but it takes days to reach maximum effectiveness

141
Q

which population is more susceptible to several fluid and electrolyte disorders?

A

older population

Genitourinary (17 decks)

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