STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards by Senpai Sama

True/False

The mammary glands are not considered part of the female reproductive system.

False

Is considered

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The organs of the female reproductive system

-the ovaries
-the uterine (fallopian) tubes, (or oviducts);
-the uterus;
-the vagina;
*external organs
which are collectively called the vulva, or pudendum

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________ are paired organs that produce secondary oocytes and hormones, such as progesterone and estrogens, inhibin, and relaxin

The ovaries (egg receptacles)

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The ovaries arise from the same embryonic tissue as the _____
They are the size and shape of what?

testes

- unshelled almonds

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______ is a layer of simple epithelium that covers the surface of the ovary

The germinal epithelium

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what is the region of dense connective tissue that contains ovarian follicles?

ovarian cortex

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What consists of an oocyte and a variable number of surrounding cells that nourish the developing oocyte.

ovarian follicle (folliculus little bag)

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What is a mature follicle

graafian

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remnants of the ovulated follicle develops in to a what?

corpus luteum

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corpus luteum (the Yellow Body) produces what hormones?

progesterone
estrogens
relaxin
inhibin

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True/False

When the Corpus luteum degenerates into a CORPUS ALBICANS if produces more hormones.

False

it stops producing hormones

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What is a region deep to the ovarian cortex that consists of loose connective tissue and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

The ovarian medulla

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The follicle enlarges until it is a mature (graafian) follicle, a large, fluid-filled follicle that is preparing to rupture and expel a ________

secondary oocyte

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What transports the secondary oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus

uterine (fallopian) tubes

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The open, funnel shaped end of each tube, the ________, lies close to the ovary, but is open to the pelvic cavity.

infundibulum

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Uterine Tubes

The infundibulum ends in a fringe of fingerlike projections called what?

Fimbriae

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From the infundibulum, uterine tubes extend medially attaching where?

the upper and outer comers of the uterus

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After ovulation, local currents produced by movements of the _______, which surround the surface of the mature follicle just before ovulation occurs, sweep the secondary oocyte into the uterine tube.

fimbriae

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The oocyte is then moved along the tube by _____ in the tube’s mucous lining and _______ of its smooth muscle layer.

cilia

- peristaltic contractions

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Where is the usual site for fertilization of a secondary oocyte by a sperm cell?

Uterine Tube

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How long is the window for feralization after ovulation?

24h

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The fertilized ovum is also known as what?

Zygote

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The fertilized ovum (zygote) descends into the uterus within ____ days.

What happens to unfertilized secondary oocytes?

seven days

- disintegrate

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________ serves as part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tubes.

-also the site of implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor

The uterus (womb)

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the uterus is situated between the _______ and ________ and is shaped like an inverted pear.

urinary bladder and the rectum

Parts of the uterus include 1) the dome shaped portion superior to the uterine tubes: 2) the tapering central portion: 3) the narrow portion opening into the vagina:

1) Fundus 2) Body 3) Cervix

What are the layers of the uterus?

the endometrium the myometrium, Perimetrium

The vagina is situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum. A recess, called the _______, surrounds the cervix.

fornix

The mucosa of the vagina contains large stores of ______, the decomposition of which produces organic acids

glycogen

What is the diamond-shaped area between the thighs and buttocks of both males and females that contains the external genitals and anus

The perineum

what refers to the external genitals of the female?

vulva, or pudendum

________ is an elevation of adipose tissue covered by coarse pubic hair, which cushions the pubic symphysis

The mons pubis

In females, the _______ develop from the same embryonic tissue that the scrotum develops from in males.

labia majora

True/False | The labia majora contains adipose tissue and sebaceous (oil) and sudoriferous (sweat) glands.

True

Medial to the labia majora are two folds of skin called the

labia minora

true/false The labia minora contains pubic hair and fat and have a few sudoriferous (sweat) glands; they do contain numerous sebaceous (oil) glands.

false does not contain pubic hair and fat

_______ is a small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves. It is located at the anterior junction of the labia minora

The clitoris

The exposed portion of the clitoris is the ______

glans

A layer of skin called the ______, also known as the foreskin, is formed at a point where the labia minora unite and cover the body of the clitoris.

prepuce

The region between the labia minora is called the

vestibule

The male's prostate develops from the same embryonic tissue as the female's ________ glands

paraurethral glands (Skene glands)

On either side of the vaginal orifice itself are the ________ glands

greater vestibular (Bartholin glands),

What glands produce a small quantity of mucus during sexual arousal and intercourse that adds to cervical mucus and provides lubrication?

greater vestibular glands | Bartholin glands

The mammary glands located in the breasts, are modified _____________ glands that produce milk.

sudoriferous (sweat)

Internally, each mammary gland consists of __#_____ lobes arranged radially and separated by adipose tissue and strands of connective tissue called_______, which support the breast.

- 15 to 20 lobes | - suspensory ligaments of the breast (Cooper's ligaments)

In each lobe are smaller lobules, in which milk secreting glands called ________ are found.

alveoli

With the onset of puberty, under the influence of what hormones, will the female breasts begin to develop?

estrogens and progesterone

The functions of the mammary glands are what? | What are these functions called?

- synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk | - Lactation

Milk production is stimulated largely by the hormone __________ from the anterior pituitary . What are the contributory hormones?

- prolactin | - contributions from progesterone and estrogens

The ejection of milk is stimulated by what hormone? | where is this released?

- Oxytocin | - posterior pituitary

Hormones secreted from where control the main events of Oogenesi

- hypothalamus, - anterior pituitary - ovaries

Each cycle takes about a ______ and involves both oogenesis and preparation of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.

a month

what is the formation and development of gametes in females?

Oogenesis

The general term female reproductive cycle encompasses what?

- the ovarian and uterine cycles - the hormonal changes that regulate them - the related cyclical changes in the breasts and cervix

Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle | _________________ secreted by the hypothalamus controls the ovarian and uterine cycles

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle | GnRH stimulates the release of ________________ and _______________ from the anterior pituitary.

- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | - luteinizing hormone (LH)

Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle _________________ stimulates the further development of ovarian follicles and their full secretion of estrogens. _________________ initiates follicular growth and the secretion of estrogens by the growing follicles.

- LH | - FSH

At what part of the cycle? | LH triggers ovulation and then promotes formation of the corpus luteum, the reason for the name luteinizing hormone.

Mid-cycle

Stimulated by LH, the corpus luteum produces and secretes what?

- estrogens, - progesterone, - relaxin - inhibin.

What hormone promotes the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, feminine secondary sex characteristics, and the mammary glands?

Estrogen

The _____________ characteristics include distribution of adipose tissue in the breasts, abdomen, mons pubis, and hips; a broad pelvis; and the pattern of hair growth on the head and body.

secondary sex

What hormone stimulates protein synthesis, acting together with insulin-like growth factors, insulin, and thyroid hormones?

Estrogen

What is probably the reason that women under age 50 have a much lower risk of coronary artery disease than do men of comparable age?

Estrogens lower blood cholesterol level,

What hormone is secreted mainly by cells of the corpus luteum, acts together with estrogens to prepare and then maintain the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized ovum and to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion.

Progesterone

A small quantity of _____________ , produced by the corpus luteum during each monthly cycle, relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium.

relax.in

During pregnancy, what produces much more relaxin, and it continues to relax uterine smooth muscle?

the placenta

What is secreted by growing follicles and by the corpus luteum after ovulation? What does it do?

lnhibin | It inhibits secretion of FSH and, to a lesser extent, LH.

The duration of the female reproductive cycle varies from ___ to __ days. For discussion purposes, we assume a duration of ___ days and divide it into what four phases:

- 24 to 36 days - 28 days menstrual phase, the pre-ovulatory phase, ovulation, and the postovulatory phase

True/False | The phases of the menstrual phase happen at the same time

True

The menstrual phase, also called menstruation or menses, lasts for roughly the first ____ days of the cycle.

five

What marks the first day of a new cycle?

First day of menstruation

Menstrual Phase | What happens in the ovaries?

several ovarian follicles grow and enlarge

Menstrual Phase | Menstrual flow from the uterus consists of what?

50 to 150 mL of blood and tissue cells from the endometrium

what phase? | The time between the end of menstruation and ovulation

Pre-ovulatory Phase

The pre-ovulatory phase of the cycle accounts for most of the variation in cycle length. In a 28-day cycle, it lasts from days __ to __.

6 to 13

______ is the rupture of the mature (graafian) follicle and the release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity, usually occurs on day 14 in a 28-day cycle.

Ovulation