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Cognitive Neuroscience > Structural and Functional Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Structural and Functional Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Neuron?

A

The basic signaling unit that transmits information throughout the nervous system that (1) takes in information (2)makes a “decision” about it following some relatively simple rules (3)passes information on (4)varies in form, location and interconnectivity

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2
Q

Soma

A

Cell body of a neuron

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

Branching extensions of the neuron that receive inputs from other neurons

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4
Q

Axon

A

a single process that extends from the cell body wrapped in myelin

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5
Q

Axon Collaterals

A

when axons branch so they can transmit signals to more than one cell

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6
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

gap between neurons at the synapse

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7
Q

Glial Cells

A

Non-neural cells that (1) provide structural support (2) electrical insulation (3) modulate neuronal activity Types: Astrocytes, microglial cells, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

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8
Q

Central Nervous System

A

command and control center (1) brain (2) spinal cord

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9
Q

Nervous System

A

(1) central nervous system (2) peripheral nervous system

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10
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

courier network (1)autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

controls involuntary action of smooth muscles, the heart, and various glands (1) sympathetic nervous system (2) parasympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

fight or flight uses norepinephrine

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13
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

rest and digest uses acetylcholine

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14
Q

Grey Matter

A

neuronal cell bodies

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15
Q

White Matter

A

axons and glial cells

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16
Q

The Spinal Cord

A

Takes in sensory information from the body’s peripheral sensory receptors, relays it to the brain, and conducts the final motor signals from the brain to muscles

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17
Q

Rostral

A

“nose”

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18
Q

Caudal

A

“tail”

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19
Q

Ventral

A

“belly”

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20
Q

Dorsal

A

“back”

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21
Q

Sagittal

A

divided into right and left halves

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22
Q

Midsagittal

A

divided in equal right and left halves (down the middle)

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23
Q

Coronal

A

divided into front and back halves

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24
Q

Axial (transverse)

A

divided into top and bottom halves

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25
Q

Lateral vs medial , superior vs inferior

A
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26
Q

Lamina

A

Row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites

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27
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side

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28
Q

Neuroaxis

A

Refers to the axis of the nervous system and references the direct of embryon development.

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29
Q

Nucelus

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS

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30
Q

Nerve

A

bundle of axons in the periphery, outside of CNS

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31
Q

Column

A

set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex with similar properties

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32
Q

Tract

A

(projections)

set of axons within the CNS, usually referring from origin of cell bodes to where neuron synapses onto post-synaptic cell

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33
Q

Tailirach Coordinates

A

x = Right (+) or left (+)

y = Anterior (+), posterior(-)

z = Superior (+) , inferior (-)

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34
Q

Ways to divide the brain

A

Talairach Coordinates (x,y,z) Brodmann Areas

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35
Q

Subcortical Region

A

(1)the brainstem (hindbrain and midbrain) (2)the diencephalon (3)the telencephalon

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36
Q

The Brainstem

A

Both hindbrain and midbrain

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37
Q

The Hindbrain

A

(1) the medulla (myelencephalon) (2) the pons and cerebellum (metencephalon)

38
Q

The Medulla

A

Most caudal portion It controls (1) respiration (2) heart rate (3) arousal All ascending somatosensory info passes through it (motor axons) Known as the relay station for sensory and motor info between the body and the brain

39
Q

Pons

A

Main connection between the brain and the cerebellum

Anterior to medulla

Important for (1) some eye, face and mouth movements

(2) some auditory information is channeled through it structure
(3) contains a large portion of the reticular formation that modulates arousal
(4) generates rapid eye movement (REM sleep)

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

Clings to brainstem at level of the pons

Home to most of the brains neurons

Important for (1) maintaining posture (2) walking (3)modifies motor outflow for smooth coordinated movements (4) implicated in aspects of cognitive processing including language, attention, learning and mental imagery

41
Q

The Midbrain

A

superior to the pons and surround the cerebral aqueducts

(1) Tectum
(2) Tegmentum
(3) Superior Colliculus
(4) Inferior Colliculus
(5) red nucleus

42
Q

Diencephalon

A

(1) Thalamus
(2) Hypothalamus

43
Q

Thalamus

A

Part of the diencephalon

Almost center of brain/top of brainstem

“gateway to cortex” - except for some olfactory inputs all of the sensory modalities make synaptic realys in the thalamus before continuing to the primary cortical sensory receiving areas

Involved in (1) relaying primary sensory information

(2) receives inputs form the basal gangli, cerebellum, neocortex and medial temporal lobe

Divided into nuclei (1) lateral geniculate nucleus

(2) medial geniculate nucleus

44
Q

Tectum

A

“roof”

dorsal portion of the midbrain

45
Q

Tegmentum

A

“covering:

ventral portion of the midbrain

46
Q

Superior Colliculus

A

Part of the midbrain

Plays a role in perceiving objects in the periphery and orienting our gaze directly toward them, bringing them into sharper view

47
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Part of the midbrain

Plays a role in locating and orienting toward auditory stimuli

48
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A

Receives info from the ganglion cells of the retina and sends axons to the primary visual cortex

49
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

Nuclei of the Thalamus

Receives information from the inner ear and sends axons to the primary auditory cortex

50
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Part of the Diencephalon

Main link between nervous system and endocrine system

Involved in (1) receiving input from the limbic system structures and other brain areas (2) controls circadian rhythms (3) maintains homeostasis (4) drives behavior to alleviate feelings such as thurst, hunger and fatigue (5) controls body temp

It accomplished most of this work via pituitary gland (base of hypothalamus)

51
Q

Telencephalon

A

Contains the (1) Limbic system and (2) basil ganglia

52
Q

Limbic System

A

Part of the Telencephalon

system for emotional behavior

Made of (1) cingulate gyrus (2) hypothalamus (3) hippocampus and (4) amygdala

53
Q

Forebrain

A

Diencephalon and Telencephalon

54
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory

55
Q

Amygdala

A

A group of neurons anterior to the hippocampus

emotion regulation

part of the limbic system

56
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

A band of cerebral cortex that extends above the corpus callosum in the anterior-posterior direction and spans both the frontal and parietal lobes

57
Q

Basil Ganglia

A

A collection of nuclei bilaterally located beneath the anterior portion of the lateral ventricles near the thalamus.

Plays a role in reward based leaning and goal-oriented behavior

Part of the telencephalon

58
Q

Nuceli of Basil Ganglia

A
59
Q

Striatum

A

receives extensive feedback projections from the thalamus

  1. caudate nucleus
  2. putamen
60
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS

61
Q

Cortical Region

A
62
Q

Sucli

A

crevices

Precentral sulcus, central sulcus, postcentral sulcus, interparietal suclus etc

63
Q

Gyri

A

Crowns of the folded tissue that one observes when viewing the surface

Lateral occipital gyrus, postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus and more

64
Q

Fissure

A

Deep sucli

Sylvian (lateral) fissure - seperates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

65
Q

Anatomical Divisions of Cortex

A

(1)Frontal lobe (2) parietal lobe (3) temporal lobe (4) occipital lobe

66
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Contains (1) olfactory bulb (2) orbitofrontal cortex (3) primary motor cotrex/precentral gyrus (4) broca’s area

67
Q

Longitudingal Fissure

A

also known as interhemispheric fissure

68
Q

Transverse Fissure

A
69
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

in frontal lobe

responsible for the sensation of smell (CN1)

70
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A

in Frontal lobe

decision-making; regard learning; monitoring

sight of frontal lobotomies

71
Q

Primary Motor Cortex/precentral gyrus

A

helps plan and execute motor

72
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Controls facial neurons, speech, and language production.

Located on left frontal lobe.

73
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Damage to frontal lobe

reported changes in behavior and effects on personality

74
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Responsible for (1) spatial awareness (2) perception (3) proprioception (4) sensation and (5) integration of senses

Contains: Primary Somatosensory cortex, Somatosensory Association cortex and Primary Gustatory cortex

75
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

receives information about touch, pain, temperature sense, and limb proprioception

(postcentral gyrus, parietal lobe)

76
Q

Somatosensory Association Cortex

A

Assists with the integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space. May also assist with visuo-motor coordination

(parietal lobe)

77
Q

Primary Gustatory Cortex

A

(parietal lobe)

Primary site involved with the interpretation of the snesation of taste

78
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Important for (1) hearing (2) language (organization and comprehension) (3) memory (encoding and retrieval)

Contains: Primary auditory cortex, primary olfactory cortex, annd wernike’s area

79
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

hearing

80
Q

Primary Olfactory Cortex

A

interprets sense of smell once it reaches the cortex via olfactory bulbs

(parietal lobe)

81
Q

Wernike’s Area

A

Language comprehension

82
Q

Wernike’s Aphasia

A

Language comprehension is inhibited. Words and sentences are not clearly understood and sentence formation may be inhibited or nonsensical

83
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Contains Primary visual cortex and visual association area

84
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

V1/ striate cortex

Receives visual information relayed from the laterl geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

85
Q

Visual Association Area

A

Interprets information acquired through the primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)

86
Q

Topographical Mapping

A

Spatial relationships of the body have been mapped out

87
Q

Sylvian Fissure

A
88
Q

Left hemisphere

A
89
Q

Right hemisphere

A

visiospatial tasks

linked to one aspect of speech perception (prosody - the connotative aspect of oral language and the way we vary articulation to convey affect or interaction)

efficient detection of upright faces

90
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

main connection between right and left hemispheres of the brain.

Corpus callostomy - split brain sugery (used to treat intractable epilepsy when other forms of treatment fail)

Cognitive Neuroscience (5 decks)

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