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Cognitive Neuroscience > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

1
Q

Selective Attention

A

The ability to prioritize and attend to somethings while ignoring others

Not a global brain state (allocated among relevant inputs, thoughts and actions while simulatneously ignoring irrelevant or distracting ones)

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2
Q

How does selective attention affect us

A

It influences how we process sensory inputs, store that information in memory, process it sematically, and act on it.

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3
Q

What is an assumption we make about attention in cognitive psychology?

A

attention is a limited resource

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4
Q

Top-down or goal-driven attention

A

Driven by an individual’s behavioral goals and shaped by learned priorities

Dorsal Attentional Pathway (Fronto-parietal)

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5
Q

Bottom-up or reflexive

A

Driven by a stimulus and much less dependent on current behavioral goals

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6
Q

Attentional Control Mechanisms

A

determine where and on what our attention is focused on

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7
Q

Types of Attention

A

Voluntary

Reflexive

Overt Attention

Covert Attention

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8
Q

Voluntary Attention

A

Our ability to intentionally attend to something

top-down process

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9
Q

Reflexive Attention

A

A bottom-up stimulus driven process in which a sensory event–maybe a loud band, captures our attention

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10
Q

Overt Attention

A

Turn your head to orient towards a stimulus whether it is for your eyes to get a better look, your ears to pick up a whisper, or your nose to sniff food

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11
Q

Covert Attention

A

Attention without orientation. It appears that one’s attention is on something but actually it is on something else.

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12
Q

Unilateral Spatial Neglect

A

Damage to one hemisphere (mostly stroke) only

Most sever impact is when the right hemisphere is damaged

Neglect of space contralateral to damaged hemisphere (ipsilesional bias in attetion. Have normal vison)

Not due to a memory failure, but spatial neglect can affect memory

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13
Q

Neuropsychological Tests for Unilateral Spatial Neglect

A

Line Cancellation Test - asked to bisect horizontal lines precisely in the middle by drawing a vertical line

Copying a Simple line drawing - copying a drawing of a daisy

Imagination - visual memory is neglected; attention to parts of the recalled images were biased not due to lacking memories

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14
Q

Extinction

A

Presence of a stimutaneous stimulus in the ipsilateral hemifield prevents the detection of a contralesional stimulus

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15
Q

Balint’s Syndrome

A

Severe disturbances of visual attention and awareness (perception)

Caused by bilateral damage to posterior parietal and occipital cortices

Only one or a small subset of available objects are perceived at any one time

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16
Q

Three main deficits of Balint’s Syndrome

A

Simultanagnosia

Ocular Apraxia

Optic Ataxia

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17
Q

Simulatanagnosia

A

Difficulty perceiving the visual field as a whole scene

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18
Q

Ocular Apraxia

A

Deficit in making eye movements to scan the visual field

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19
Q

Optic Ataxia

A

Deficit in making visually guided hand movements

20
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

1879 - studied visual attention and observed tha thwile keeping his eye fizated in the center of a screen during a very brief illumination of the screen he could perceive the letters located within this region but had difficulty perceiving the latters at other locations.

He attributed this phenomenon to attention and speculated on the possible mechanisms underlying this ability

21
Q

E.C. Cherry

A

Dichotic listening paradigm

Can accurately repeat info in one ear when attending to it but could not recall the unattended input)

22
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

Perceptual processing has limited capacity (information processing bottlenecks)

23
Q

Early Selection

A

Stimulus can be selected for further processing, or it can be tossed out as irrelevant before perceptual analysis of the stimulus is complete

“gating”

24
Q

Late Selection

A

All inputs are processed equally by the perceptual system; selection takes place at higher stages of information processing

25
Q

Cognitive Processing of information encoding

A

information is registered (early selection) –> perceptually analyzed (early then late) –> semantic encoding/analysis (late selection) –> executive functions –> decisions, memory, etc –> response

26
Q

Problems for Early Selection Models

A

Attention can be captured by relevant/interesting information

27
Q

What is the middle ground that supports both early and late selection?

A

Anne Treisman

Unattended information is not completely blocked from higher analysis, but rather is degraded or attenuated

We can look at reaction time information on experiemental tasks to furthur examine early vs late selection models

28
Q

Cuing Task

A

Arrowhead tells the participant that they should attend to that part of the field with target apearing (valid, invalid, or neutral trial)

29
Q

Valid, invalid and neutral cue differences

A

invalid - longest

neutral - middle

valid - fastest

Valid trials show the benefits of attention

30
Q

Additional support for early selection

A

When in a cuing task: a cue tells you to attend left or right and the object either appears valid or appears on the other side (invalid); sensitivity to spatial attention supports early selection modles of attention since attention on stimulus occurs 100ms after stimulus apprears on screen ERP

shows benefit of attention (very fast and huge difference in neural processing)

31
Q

Cuing Tasks and fMRI

A

attending to the left side of space produces contralateral activation in hemispheres (about visual)

32
Q

Support for early attention models in the Subcortical Regions

A

Amplitude of activation in the thalamus is greater for attended information that for unattended information

Highly focused visuospatial attention can modulate activity in the thalamus

33
Q

Additional support for early selection models

A

attention invole either activiating or inhibiting signal transmission from thalamus to visual cortex

highly focused spatial attention can modulate activity early in the visual system in the subcortical relay nuclei in the thalamus

34
Q

Reflexive attention and Inhibition of Retun (IOR)

A

Exogeneous cues influence processing in and around their locations… but for only a short amount of time (~50ms)

IOR: after about 300ms, participants respond slower to stimuli that appear in the vicinity of an exogeneous cue

35
Q

Feature Attention

A

Objects are defined by their collection of elementary features, such as color, shape, size, motion, etc

Pre-curing attention to a visual feature improves reaction time on a cuin task

fMRI evidence for selevtive attention in modality-specific cortical regions

36
Q

Schoenfeld et al. (2007)

A

attending to motion activated V1

Attending to color activates region V4

37
Q

Object Properties

A

The collection of elementary stimulus features that, when combined in a particular way, yield an identifiable object or person

Attention is facilitated within the confines of a single object rather than across multiple objects

38
Q

Attentional control systems

A

involved in modulating throughts and actions, as well as sensory processes

39
Q

Dorsal Attention Network

A

Goal based/ top-down attention

helps guide or orient our attention to spatial informaiton

includes parietal lobe and frontal eye fields (FEF)

40
Q
A

both the dorsal and ventrla attention pathways were already activated before the target appeared

41
Q

Frontal Eye Fields

A

in the dorsal attention network

coordinate eye movement and gaze shifts, which are important for orienting attention

Can influence visual cortex activity

42
Q

Evidence for FEF

A

stimulation of FEFs in monkeys enhances performance on attention tasks

43
Q

parietal cortex and attentonal control

A

attentional shifts correlated with signification changes in activity of parietal neurons

44
Q

Ventral attention network

A

stimulus driven/bottom-up control

Strongly lateralized to the right hemisphere

45
Q

Subcortical attentional control

A

superior colliculi

pulvinar nucleus

46
Q

superior colliculi

A

recieves info from retina, sensory systems and cerebral cortex

sends projections to teh thalamus and the motor system that controls eye movements

overt aspects of attention

47
Q

pulvinar nuclues

A

in thalamus

involved in voluntary and reflexive attention

covert spatial attention and filtering of stimuli

Cognitive Neuroscience (5 decks)

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