Stroke & TIA Flashcards
What is a stroke?
Sudden onset of neurological symptoms assumed to be a vascular aetiology
What are the different types of stroke and how common are they?
Cerebral infarction 80% and 20% of due to haemorrhage
Cerebral infarction is there a part of the brain dies and haemorrhage is where there is a bleed in the brain
What is a TIA
A transient ischaemic attack is the same process but last for less than 24 hours and symptoms usually resolve without leaving residual neurological deficits.
This is usually caused by interrupted bloodflow no in fraction of brain tissue.
What are risk factors for stroke and TIA?
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Diabetes
Being overweight
Smoking
Alcohol consumption
Drug use
Lack of physical exercise
Age
Ethnicity
Gender
Family history of heart disease
Heart disease
Hole in the heart
Diabetes type one
Atrial fibrillation
How does an ischaemic stroke occur?
Atheroembolism 50%-happen in patients who have atherosclerosis
Intracranial small vessel disease 25%-Tutor cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Cardioembolism 20%-impatience with ischaemic heart disease and atrial fibrillation a fragment from inside myocardium up the internal carotid to the brain
Rarities 5%-syphilis, atrial dissection, infective endocarditis, effects of drug alcohol etc
What are presenting features of a stroke?
Weakness of one or more limb music than one side of the body
Turn on set a facial paralysis
Speech disturbances
Acute confusion
Sudden blindness
Thunderclap headache
Sudden dizziness or loss of balance and coordination
Coms or death
What is the fast acronym for stroke?
Face: has the first fall on one side and can they smile
Arms: can they raise both arms and keep them there
Speech: is there a speech slurred
Time: call 999 if you see any single one of the signs of a stroke
How are strokes treated?
Thrombolysis: only to be used for in first 4.5 hours of stroke onset. This improves and reduces the need for rehab post stroke 1 in 10 don’t need rehab. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator to dissolve the clot.
Thrombectomy: invasive intervention to actually mechanically remove the clot out of the vessel in which it has lodged, this is not commonly used due to late presentation or lack of services to be able to provide it.
Craniotomy:to remove Portion of the school to access a haemorrhaging vessel for repair
Shunt placement: this is used if hydrocephalus has occurred as a result of a haemorrhoid Stroke.
What treatment are people given past stroke?
Lifestyle changes
Exercise programs
Smoking cessation
Statins in all cases to reduce chances by 25% of recurrence
Antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin
Anticoagulants
Antihypertensives
Carotid endarterectomy
What are the different stages of prevention?
Primary prevention-to stop a disease before occurs
Secondary prevention-aims to reduce the impact of the disease once it has happened
Tertiary prevention-aims to rehabilitate patients who have suffered the consequences of a disease
