Gastroenterological Diseases Flashcards
What causes inflammatory bowel disease
IBD describes lots of disorders such as crohns ulcerative colits and indeterminate colitis
IBD is caused by genetic predisposition environmental factors and host immune response
What environmental factors influence IBD
Smoking depression hygiene appendicectomy microflora
Which genes influence IBD
CARD N0D2 increase risk of Crohn’s disease
IBD and ankylosing spondylitis-increase HLAB27
How does the host immune response impact IBD
Defective mucosal new system genetic susceptibility is where there is an exaggerated mean response with T-helper cells which Outweigh the regulatory T cells.
What is the burden of IBD
the mortality rate of up to 2%
increased incidence of colorectal cancer. 2.7%
Increase in adenocarcinoma
Symptoms of IBD
Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, blood, mucus, Ed and Saifs go to toilet, nocturnal symptoms, weight loss, fatigue, nausea vomiting, bloating, Perry net head of symptoms, extraintestinal manifestations, arthritis ankylosing spondylitis, osteoporosis, episcleritis, pancreatitis,.
Many other associated conditions dermatologic, ocular, vascular, Reno, pulmonary, musculoskeletal 
How is IBD diagnosis made
Hey Siri exam, bloods, histology, scans,
How is Crohn’s disease classified
Inflammation of GRT lining (crypt information).
Microabscesses and aphthous ulcers 
Cobblestoning
Skip lesions, multiple affected parts on multiple nonaffected part of the GIT
How is ulcerative colitis classified
Ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon put is chronic inflammatory disease, here is the information is mostly superficial
How is coeliac disease classified
Gluten specific enteropathic gladin peptides
How is Crohn’s disease managed
Palliative support-multidisciplinary support for healthy lifestyles
Surgery may be required To treat acute manifestations
how is ulcerative colitis managed
Corticosteroids bowel resection
How is coeliac disease managed
Gluten-free diet, potential nutritional supplementation
In general what medications are used for IBD
Corticosteroids, aminocylicates, Immuno modulators (methotrexate cyclosporine), biologics (Vidolizumab)
What are risk factors and prevention factors against colorectal cancer
Protective: regular physical exercise garlic and Rich Hall plant foods
Increasing: advancing age, saturated fat, colorectal polyps, colonic polyps chronic IBD, obesity, cigarette smoking, acromegaly, abdominal radiotherapy
What is the clinical presentations of colorectal cancer
Change in bowel habit Lucette more frequent stores, rectal bleeding symptoms of anaemia
How is colorectal cancer manager/treated?
80% of patients with CIC will have surgery he usually laparoscopically I am adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival statistics radiotherapy is not useful due to the risk of damage to surrounding structures. Prognosis of CRC depends on the staging and presence of metastasis long time Survival depends on complete surgical removal.
Facts about IBS
Most common functional gastrointestinal disorder
This causes people to take time off work
It’s cost healthcare 46 million
IBS sufferers Are more likely to consult medical advice if they have higher anxiety and depression scores
Females more likely to console males
Diagnosis is completely based on symptoms
Investigation is primarily done to rule out other diseases
What is diverticular disease
Diverticular disease is the existence of outpouchings along the intestine
Diverticulitis is an acute infection of one or more of those pouches
Chronic constipation due to poor dietary intake least weakening of the bowel wall faecal matter is then collected and prevented from being evacuated
Information about haemorrhoids
Primary internal
Secondary prolapsing
Third-degree a prolapse
Often cause rectal bleeding return most common cause of rectal bleeding return management is suppositories of steroids high-fibre diet or physical intervention
Information about enteric infections
Acute gastroenteritis its most common cause I need the classic self limiting stomach upset oral rehydration program significantly reduce death toll
Viral norovirus is most common
Protozoal infections are rare in the west or common in developing countries
Bacterial CDiff 
What is dysphasia
This is difficult to swallow in and can be caused bye multiple time is it
Dysphasia would be investigated by MRI contrast studies endoscopy
Information about peptic ulcer disease
Mucosal also in or adjacent to acid bearing area is most common in the stomach
Public office could be related H pylori infections fair can also be increased by NSAID use
Symptoms include burning epigastric pain
Vomiting bleeding
Complications include perforation haemorrhage
How is H pylori infection tested for: C-urea breath test/stool antigen test whether invasive tests are possible
