Gastroenterological Diseases

Question 1

What causes inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 1

IBD describes lots of disorders such as crohns ulcerative colits and indeterminate colitis
IBD is caused by genetic predisposition environmental factors and host immune response

Question 2

What environmental factors influence IBD

Answer 2

Smoking depression hygiene appendicectomy microflora

Question 3

Which genes influence IBD

Answer 3

CARD N0D2 increase risk of Crohn’s disease
IBD and ankylosing spondylitis-increase HLAB27

Question 4

How does the host immune response impact IBD

Answer 4

Defective mucosal new system genetic susceptibility is where there is an exaggerated mean response with T-helper cells which Outweigh the regulatory T cells.

Question 5

What is the burden of IBD

Answer 5

the mortality rate of up to 2%
increased incidence of colorectal cancer. 2.7%
Increase in adenocarcinoma

Question 6

Symptoms of IBD

Answer 6

Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, blood, mucus, Ed and Saifs go to toilet, nocturnal symptoms, weight loss, fatigue, nausea vomiting, bloating, Perry net head of symptoms, extraintestinal manifestations, arthritis ankylosing spondylitis, osteoporosis, episcleritis, pancreatitis,.
Many other associated conditions dermatologic, ocular, vascular, Reno, pulmonary, musculoskeletal 

Question 7

How is IBD diagnosis made

Answer 7

Hey Siri exam, bloods, histology, scans,

Question 8

How is Crohn’s disease classified

Answer 8

Inflammation of GRT lining (crypt information).
Microabscesses and aphthous ulcers 
Cobblestoning
Skip lesions, multiple affected parts on multiple nonaffected part of the GIT

Question 9

How is ulcerative colitis classified

Answer 9

Ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon put is chronic inflammatory disease, here is the information is mostly superficial

Question 10

How is coeliac disease classified

Answer 10

Gluten specific enteropathic gladin peptides

Question 11

How is Crohn’s disease managed

Answer 11

Palliative support-multidisciplinary support for healthy lifestyles
Surgery may be required To treat acute manifestations

Question 12

how is ulcerative colitis managed

Answer 12

Corticosteroids bowel resection

Question 13

How is coeliac disease managed

Answer 13

Gluten-free diet, potential nutritional supplementation

Question 14

In general what medications are used for IBD

Answer 14

Corticosteroids, aminocylicates, Immuno modulators (methotrexate cyclosporine), biologics (Vidolizumab)

Question 15

What are risk factors and prevention factors against colorectal cancer

Answer 15

Protective: regular physical exercise garlic and Rich Hall plant foods
Increasing: advancing age, saturated fat, colorectal polyps, colonic polyps chronic IBD, obesity, cigarette smoking, acromegaly, abdominal radiotherapy

Question 16

What is the clinical presentations of colorectal cancer

Answer 16

Change in bowel habit Lucette more frequent stores, rectal bleeding symptoms of anaemia

Question 17

How is colorectal cancer manager/treated?

Answer 17

80% of patients with CIC will have surgery he usually laparoscopically I am adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival statistics radiotherapy is not useful due to the risk of damage to surrounding structures. Prognosis of CRC depends on the staging and presence of metastasis long time Survival depends on complete surgical removal.

Question 18

Facts about IBS

Answer 18

Most common functional gastrointestinal disorder
This causes people to take time off work
It’s cost healthcare 46 million
IBS sufferers Are more likely to consult medical advice if they have higher anxiety and depression scores
Females more likely to console males
Diagnosis is completely based on symptoms
Investigation is primarily done to rule out other diseases

Question 19

What is diverticular disease

Answer 19

Diverticular disease is the existence of outpouchings along the intestine
Diverticulitis is an acute infection of one or more of those pouches
Chronic constipation due to poor dietary intake least weakening of the bowel wall faecal matter is then collected and prevented from being evacuated

Question 20

Information about haemorrhoids

Answer 20

Primary internal
Secondary prolapsing
Third-degree a prolapse
Often cause rectal bleeding return most common cause of rectal bleeding return management is suppositories of steroids high-fibre diet or physical intervention

Question 21

Information about enteric infections

Answer 21

Acute gastroenteritis its most common cause I need the classic self limiting stomach upset oral rehydration program significantly reduce death toll
Viral norovirus is most common
Protozoal infections are rare in the west or common in developing countries
Bacterial CDiff 

Question 22

What is dysphasia

Answer 22

This is difficult to swallow in and can be caused bye multiple time is it
Dysphasia would be investigated by MRI contrast studies endoscopy

Question 23

Information about peptic ulcer disease

Answer 23

Mucosal also in or adjacent to acid bearing area is most common in the stomach
Public office could be related H pylori infections fair can also be increased by NSAID use
Symptoms include burning epigastric pain
Vomiting bleeding
Complications include perforation haemorrhage
How is H pylori infection tested for: C-urea breath test/stool antigen test whether invasive tests are possible