Stroke, TBI and Dementia

Question 1

What are the names of the two types of stroke

Answer 1

Ischaemic - blot clot
Haemorrhagic - burst blood vessel

Question 2

What are the stroke classifications and their percentage of decreased after 1 year

Answer 2

Total anterior circulation infarct (TACI) - 96%
Partial anterior circulation infarct (PACI) - 45%
Lucunar infarct (LACI) - 40%
Posterior circulation infarct (POCI) - 38%

Question 3

Where does the TACI affect

Answer 3

entire anterior circulation on one side of brain

Question 4

Symptoms of TACI

Answer 4

A new higher order dysfunction like aphasia
Visual field deficit
Ipsilateral motor or sensory deficit (weakness) to face arms or leg

Question 5

Where does PACI affect

Answer 5

A portion of the anterior circulation on one side of brain

Question 6

Symptoms of PACI

Answer 6

New higher order dysfunction like aphaisa
Motor/sensory deficit

Question 7

where does POCI affect

Answer 7

posterior circulation supply on one side of brain

Question 8

Symptoms of POCI

Answer 8

Ipsilateral cranial nerve palsy
bilateral motor/sensory deficit
cerebellar dysfunction - problems with coordination + movement

Question 9

Where does LACI affect

Answer 9

Circulation to deeper brain structures

Question 10

What can LACI result in

Answer 10

Pure motor stroke
pure sensory stroke
sensory-motor stroke

Question 11

What is a focal TBI caused by

Answer 11

external force causing compression on tissue under skull at the site of impact (coup) or of the tissue opposite (contre-coup)

Question 12

What is a diffuse TBI caused by

Answer 12

Rapid acceleration and deceleration of the head - damages axons

Question 13

What are the names of the 2 types of TBI

Answer 13

Focal
Diffuse

Question 14

How is the severity of TBI measured

Answer 14

Glasgow Coma Scale - lower number more severe

Question 15

What are the names of degenerative dementias

Answer 15

Alzheimers
Frontotemporal
Lewy Body
Huntingtons

Question 16

What are the names of the vascular dementias

Answer 16

Vascular Dementia

Question 17

Describe dementia of the alzhiemers type (DAT)
causes and triggers

Answer 17

Most common form
Loss of neurotransmitters (Acetyl Choline)
Triggers are unclear but could be genetic, lifestyle, diet

Question 18

Describe vascular dementia
causes and risks

Answer 18

Cause: multiple infarcts or strokes
Risks: high blood pressure and cholesterol, heart problems
Decline is step-wise

Question 19

Describe main symptoms of Dementia with lewy Bodies (DLB)

Answer 19

Hallucinations
Fluctuations in cognitive impairment
Falls/syncope

Question 20

Describe Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
common, affected area, variants, progression, symptoms

Answer 20

2nd most common in under 65s
Progressive atrophy of frontal or temporal lobes
Has a behavioural variant that shares symptoms with psychiatric disorder
Insidious onset and slow progression
Key symptom is emotional blunting - not responding to emotional stimuli