Stress, HPA axis, serotonin, depression, and imaging techniques Flashcards
Who said stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand”
Hans Seyle
T or F, stress alone is not harmful?
True, rather repeated or chronic stress can be harmful
Which type of stressor poses an immediate threat to homeostasis?
Systemic
Which type of stressor includes extreme temperature, water deprivation, tissue
damage, hypotension, pain, immune challenge
Systemic
Which type of stressor consists of elements in the environment that are perceived by the organism as potential dangers. Do not directly cause damage. Processed by cerebral cortex to the limbic system, to the hypothalamus to generate fight or flight
Processive, aka psychogenic
Which type of stressor includes elevated sound, intense light, financial woes, public speaking, etc
Processive, aka psychogenic
What is the three component response to stress?
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
What are four factors of stress response?
Endocrine, Behavioral, Immune, Autonomic
Increasing ______ of stressor decreases stress
Predictability
Increasing _____ over termination of stressor decreases stress
control
What is experience of stress impedes future learning
Learned helplessness
What are sedatives for stress?
Valium, alcohol
What is a Benzodiazepine that increases effectiveness of GABA activity (for stress)?
Valium
What is the biological action of increasing GABA, and is social escapism, distraction?
Alcohol
Autonomic nervous system is part of the
PNS
Which part of the ANS monitors the internal world?
Sensory component
Which part of the ANS activates or inhibits target structures to adjust to changes in internal world?
Motor component
What are the two divisions of the ANS?
Sympathetic - fight or flight
Parasympathetic - Rest and recoop
What exerts direct control over the entire endocrine system through specific neurons in the hypothalamus that regulate the hormones secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
What are the functional zones of the hypothalamus? (3)
- Periventricular zone
- Medial zone
- Lateral zone
What zone of the hypothalamus is immediately adjacent to the third ventricle. Receives information regarding internal conditions requiring regulation (ex temperature, salt concentration, and levels of hormones secreted by the endocrine system)
– Checks to make certain medial zone doing job correctly
Periventricular Zone
Which zone of the hypothalamus surrounds the periventricular zone, contains most of the neuronal nuclei that regulate the pituitary glands instructions to the endocrine system
Medial Zone
Which zone of the hypothalamus is the site where cortex, limbic structures, and medulla can modulate hypothalamic activity. These higher brain areas can override the automatic hypothalamic responses to variations detected in the internal environment
Lateral Zone
Neurons in the medial zone send their axons to the?
Median eminence
What links the median eminence with the anterior pituitary?
Specialized blood vessels (pituitary portal circulation)
Medial zone nuclei ALSO send axons to the ______ of the pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Posterior lobe
Where do medial zone nuclei release their NT’s? (Oxytocin and vasopressin) and as what?
Directly into bloodstream as hormones
What NT activates contraction of uterus during final stages of labor and help with maternal milk let-down
Oxytocin
What NT increases blood pressure during extreme emergencies when fluid or blood is lost and decreases urinary excretion of water (also known as antidiuretic hormone
Vasopressin
What does the Medulla Oblongata regulate? (3 things)
- Spontaneous respiratory movements
- Blood pressure
- Cardiac rhythem
Endocrine organs are called?
glands
What are the substances called that the endocrine glands secrete?
hormones
What controls and modulates glandular response to changes in environment and demands of environment
Brain
FSH targets:
Gonads
LH targets:
Gonads
Thyrotropin targets:
Thyroid
Adrenocorticotropin targets:
Adrenal cortex
Growth Hormone targets:
Liver All cells (protein synth)
Prolactin targets:
Breasts (growth and milk secretion)
Vasopressin targets:
Kidney tubules (Water retention) Arterioles (Increase BP)
Oxytocin targets:
Uterus (contraction)
Estrogen targets
Numerous (secondary sexual characteristics - breast growth)
Testosterone targets
Numerous (secondary sexual characteristics - muscle growth)
Thyroxin targets
Numerous (Increase metabolic rate)
Corticosteroids targets
numerous
Aldosterone targets
kidney
Epinephrine targets
Cardiovascular system, skin, liver, muscle and others
Norepinephrine targets
Cardiovascular system, skin, liver, muscle and others
Insulin targets
Numerous
Glucagon targets
Liver, Muscle
Somatostatin targets:
Islets
How do axes (such as HPA) maintain homeostasis?
by feedback onto themselves
What does negative feedback do ?
Shuts system down
What does positive feedback do?
Keep system active
What is DSM V mood disorder: diagnosed by licensed psychologist based on report of behavior (self, friends, family)
Major Depressive Disorder
How long must symptoms last to qualify as major depressive disorder?
longer than 2 months
Major Depressive Disorder affects women or men more?
Twice as many women as men
What are the most common ages of people affected by major depressive disorder?
25-44
What are three contributing factors to MDD?
Cognitive
Pyscho-Social
Genetic
Monoamine hypothesis
Symptoms of depression can be improved by agents that act to increase synaptic concentrations of monoamines.
According to the monoamine hypothesis, depression is a deficiency of?
central noradrenergic and/or serotonergic systems
Which drug was first used in the 1950’s - first use as an antitubercular drug, produced greater vitality and sociability in patients taking drug
MAOI’s (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
Which antidepressant drug prevents the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters (including serotonin), thereby increasing synaptic concentration
MAOIs
which drug for depression is used with extreme caution as often as a last resort?
MAOI’s
Which depression drug was used in the 1950’s - first use as an antipsychotic, but produced mania in some patients
– Inhibit reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine by blocking SERT and NERT
– severe side-effects
TCA’s (tricyclic antidepressants)
Which antidepressant drug confounds include:
1) some patients show decreased serotonin levels despite initial increase
2) some patients symptoms get worse before getting better (increased suicide risk)
SSRI’s (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)
T or F, you can be prescribed more than one antidepressant at a time?
True
What are two treatment resistant depression?
Lithium
Thyroid Hormones
What is the singe most effective treatment for depression?
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)
What kind of treatment for depression uses focal magnetic energy to stimulate electrical currents within neurons
Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS)
What is a behavioral intervention for depression?
Psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral therapy)
What disorder is characterized by significant mood swings?
Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder affects men and women equally or unequally?
Equally
When does bipolar disorder start?
between ages 15-25
T or F? Bipolar disorder is highly heritable?
TRUE
What are the three types of Bipolar Disorder?
BD1
BD2
Cyclothymia
Which type of Bipolar Disorder consists of mania and major depression?
BD1
Which type of bipolar disorder consists of not full mania (although high energy) and major depression?
BD2
Which type of bipolar disorder consists of less severe mood swings?
Cyclothymia
Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Lithium carbonate, lithium citrate and Valproate are examples of what for bipolar disorder?
Mood stabilizers
MRI looks at ______, while fMRI looks at ______
structure
function
CT or CAT looks at?
Structure
DTI and DSI looks at?
structure
PET looks at?
combo of structure and function
EEG looks at?
function
Which neuroimaging technique has good temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution?
EEG
MEG
Which neuroimaging technique has good spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution?
MRI, fMRI
MEG looks at?
function
What is a limitation of fMRI?
not sensitive enough for white matter
What can study neuronal connectivity non-invasively and it provides a quantitative assessment of anatomical connectivity in WM?
Diffusion tensor imaging
DTI is
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
DSI is
Diffusion Spectrum Imaging
CAT or CT is
COmputerized Axial Tomography
What is a high resolution 3 dimensional x-ray
CAT or CT
PET is
Positron Emission tomography
Which neuroimaging technique requires use of injected radioisotope tracer bound to a biologically active molecule
PET
Which neurophysiological technique is the net of electrodes placed directly on head
– Measures voltage fluctuations along the scalp
– Summation of synchronous firing of multiple (thousands) neurons (electrical field)
EEG
ERP is
Event related potential
Records magnetic fields produced by synchronized neuronal electrical currents
MEG