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OT 515 Neuroscience > Stress, HPA axis, serotonin, depression, and imaging techniques > Flashcards

Stress, HPA axis, serotonin, depression, and imaging techniques Flashcards

1
Q

Who said stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand”

A

Hans Seyle

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2
Q

T or F, stress alone is not harmful?

A

True, rather repeated or chronic stress can be harmful

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3
Q

Which type of stressor poses an immediate threat to homeostasis?

A

Systemic

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4
Q

Which type of stressor includes extreme temperature, water deprivation, tissue
damage, hypotension, pain, immune challenge

A

Systemic

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5
Q

Which type of stressor consists of elements in the environment that are perceived by the organism as potential dangers. Do not directly cause damage. Processed by cerebral cortex to the limbic system, to the hypothalamus to generate fight or flight

A

Processive, aka psychogenic

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6
Q

Which type of stressor includes elevated sound, intense light, financial woes, public speaking, etc

A

Processive, aka psychogenic

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7
Q

What is the three component response to stress?

A

Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

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8
Q

What are four factors of stress response?

A

Endocrine, Behavioral, Immune, Autonomic

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9
Q

Increasing ______ of stressor decreases stress

A

Predictability

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10
Q

Increasing _____ over termination of stressor decreases stress

A

control

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11
Q

What is experience of stress impedes future learning

A

Learned helplessness

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12
Q

What are sedatives for stress?

A

Valium, alcohol

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13
Q 
What is a Benzodiazepine that increases effectiveness of
GABA activity (for stress)?
A

Valium

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14
Q

What is the biological action of increasing GABA, and is social escapism, distraction?

A

Alcohol

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15
Q

Autonomic nervous system is part of the

A

PNS

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16
Q

Which part of the ANS monitors the internal world?

A

Sensory component

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17
Q

Which part of the ANS activates or inhibits target structures to adjust to changes in internal world?

A

Motor component

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18
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic - fight or flight

Parasympathetic - Rest and recoop

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19
Q

What exerts direct control over the entire endocrine system through specific neurons in the hypothalamus that regulate the hormones secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

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20
Q

What are the functional zones of the hypothalamus? (3)

A
  1. Periventricular zone
  2. Medial zone
  3. Lateral zone
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21
Q

What zone of the hypothalamus is immediately adjacent to the third ventricle. Receives information regarding internal conditions requiring regulation (ex temperature, salt concentration, and levels of hormones secreted by the endocrine system)
– Checks to make certain medial zone doing job correctly

A

Periventricular Zone

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22
Q

Which zone of the hypothalamus surrounds the periventricular zone, contains most of the neuronal nuclei that regulate the pituitary glands instructions to the endocrine system

A

Medial Zone

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23
Q

Which zone of the hypothalamus is the site where cortex, limbic structures, and medulla can modulate hypothalamic activity. These higher brain areas can override the automatic hypothalamic responses to variations detected in the internal environment

A

Lateral Zone

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24
Q

Neurons in the medial zone send their axons to the?

A

Median eminence

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25
Q

What links the median eminence with the anterior pituitary?

A

Specialized blood vessels (pituitary portal circulation)

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26
Q

Medial zone nuclei ALSO send axons to the ______ of the pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

Posterior lobe

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27
Q

Where do medial zone nuclei release their NT’s? (Oxytocin and vasopressin) and as what?

A

Directly into bloodstream as hormones

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28
Q

What NT activates contraction of uterus during final stages of labor and help with maternal milk let-down

A

Oxytocin

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29
Q

What NT increases blood pressure during extreme emergencies when fluid or blood is lost and decreases urinary excretion of water (also known as antidiuretic hormone

A

Vasopressin

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30
Q

What does the Medulla Oblongata regulate? (3 things)

A
  1. Spontaneous respiratory movements
  2. Blood pressure
  3. Cardiac rhythem
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31
Q

Endocrine organs are called?

A

glands

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32
Q

What are the substances called that the endocrine glands secrete?

A

hormones

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33
Q

What controls and modulates glandular response to changes in environment and demands of environment

A

Brain

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34
Q

FSH targets:

A

Gonads

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35
Q

LH targets:

A

Gonads

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36
Q

Thyrotropin targets:

A

Thyroid

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37
Q

Adrenocorticotropin targets:

A

Adrenal cortex

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38
Q

Growth Hormone targets:

A 
Liver 
All cells (protein synth)
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39
Q

Prolactin targets:

A

Breasts (growth and milk secretion)

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40
Q

Vasopressin targets:

A 
Kidney tubules (Water retention)
Arterioles (Increase BP)
41
Q

Oxytocin targets:

A

Uterus (contraction)

42
Q

Estrogen targets

A

Numerous (secondary sexual characteristics - breast growth)

43
Q

Testosterone targets

A

Numerous (secondary sexual characteristics - muscle growth)

44
Q

Thyroxin targets

A

Numerous (Increase metabolic rate)

45
Q

Corticosteroids targets

A

numerous

46
Q

Aldosterone targets

A

kidney

47
Q

Epinephrine targets

A

Cardiovascular system, skin, liver, muscle and others

48
Q

Norepinephrine targets

A

Cardiovascular system, skin, liver, muscle and others

49
Q

Insulin targets

A

Numerous

50
Q

Glucagon targets

A

Liver, Muscle

51
Q

Somatostatin targets:

A

Islets

52
Q

How do axes (such as HPA) maintain homeostasis?

A

by feedback onto themselves

53
Q

What does negative feedback do ?

A

Shuts system down

54
Q

What does positive feedback do?

A

Keep system active

55
Q

What is DSM V mood disorder: diagnosed by licensed psychologist based on report of behavior (self, friends, family)

A

Major Depressive Disorder

56
Q

How long must symptoms last to qualify as major depressive disorder?

A

longer than 2 months

57
Q

Major Depressive Disorder affects women or men more?

A

Twice as many women as men

58
Q

What are the most common ages of people affected by major depressive disorder?

A

25-44

59
Q

What are three contributing factors to MDD?

A

Cognitive
Pyscho-Social
Genetic

60
Q

Monoamine hypothesis

A

Symptoms of depression can be improved by agents that act to increase synaptic concentrations of monoamines.

61
Q

According to the monoamine hypothesis, depression is a deficiency of?

A

central noradrenergic and/or serotonergic systems

62
Q

Which drug was first used in the 1950’s - first use as an antitubercular drug, produced greater vitality and sociability in patients taking drug

A

MAOI’s (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors)

63
Q

Which antidepressant drug prevents the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters (including serotonin), thereby increasing synaptic concentration

A

MAOIs

64
Q

which drug for depression is used with extreme caution as often as a last resort?

A

MAOI’s

65
Q

Which depression drug was used in the 1950’s - first use as an antipsychotic, but produced mania in some patients
– Inhibit reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine by blocking SERT and NERT
– severe side-effects

A

TCA’s (tricyclic antidepressants)

66
Q

Which antidepressant drug confounds include:

1) some patients show decreased serotonin levels despite initial increase
2) some patients symptoms get worse before getting better (increased suicide risk)

A

SSRI’s (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

67
Q

T or F, you can be prescribed more than one antidepressant at a time?

A

True

68
Q

What are two treatment resistant depression?

A

Lithium

Thyroid Hormones

69
Q

What is the singe most effective treatment for depression?

A

ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)

70
Q

What kind of treatment for depression uses focal magnetic energy to stimulate electrical currents within neurons

A

Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS)

71
Q

What is a behavioral intervention for depression?

A

Psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral therapy)

72
Q

What disorder is characterized by significant mood swings?

A

Bipolar disorder

73
Q

Bipolar disorder affects men and women equally or unequally?

A

Equally

74
Q

When does bipolar disorder start?

A

between ages 15-25

75
Q

T or F? Bipolar disorder is highly heritable?

A

TRUE

76
Q

What are the three types of Bipolar Disorder?

A

BD1
BD2
Cyclothymia

77
Q

Which type of Bipolar Disorder consists of mania and major depression?

A

BD1

78
Q

Which type of bipolar disorder consists of not full mania (although high energy) and major depression?

A

BD2

79
Q

Which type of bipolar disorder consists of less severe mood swings?

A

Cyclothymia

80
Q

Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Lithium carbonate, lithium citrate and Valproate are examples of what for bipolar disorder?

A

Mood stabilizers

81
Q

MRI looks at ______, while fMRI looks at ______

A

structure

function

82
Q

CT or CAT looks at?

A

Structure

83
Q

DTI and DSI looks at?

A

structure

84
Q

PET looks at?

A

combo of structure and function

85
Q

EEG looks at?

A

function

86
Q

Which neuroimaging technique has good temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution?

A

EEG

MEG

87
Q

Which neuroimaging technique has good spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution?

A

MRI, fMRI

88
Q

MEG looks at?

A

function

89
Q

What is a limitation of fMRI?

A

not sensitive enough for white matter

90
Q

What can study neuronal connectivity non-invasively and it provides a quantitative assessment of anatomical connectivity in WM?

A

Diffusion tensor imaging

91
Q

DTI is

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

92
Q

DSI is

A

Diffusion Spectrum Imaging

93
Q

CAT or CT is

A

COmputerized Axial Tomography

94
Q

What is a high resolution 3 dimensional x-ray

A

CAT or CT

95
Q

PET is

A

Positron Emission tomography

96
Q

Which neuroimaging technique requires use of injected radioisotope tracer bound to a biologically active molecule

A

PET

97
Q

Which neurophysiological technique is the net of electrodes placed directly on head
– Measures voltage fluctuations along the scalp
– Summation of synchronous firing of multiple (thousands) neurons (electrical field)

A

EEG

98
Q

ERP is

A

Event related potential

99
Q

Records magnetic fields produced by synchronized neuronal electrical currents

A

MEG

OT 515 Neuroscience (4 decks)

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