Stress, HPA axis, serotonin, depression, and imaging techniques

Question 1

Who said stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand”

Answer 1

Hans Seyle

Question 2

T or F, stress alone is not harmful?

Answer 2

True, rather repeated or chronic stress can be harmful

Question 3

Which type of stressor poses an immediate threat to homeostasis?

Answer 3

Systemic

Question 4

Which type of stressor includes extreme temperature, water deprivation, tissue
damage, hypotension, pain, immune challenge

Answer 4

Systemic

Question 5

Which type of stressor consists of elements in the environment that are perceived by the organism as potential dangers. Do not directly cause damage. Processed by cerebral cortex to the limbic system, to the hypothalamus to generate fight or flight

Answer 5

Processive, aka psychogenic

Question 6

Which type of stressor includes elevated sound, intense light, financial woes, public speaking, etc

Answer 6

Processive, aka psychogenic

Question 7

What is the three component response to stress?

Answer 7

Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

Question 8

What are four factors of stress response?

Answer 8

Endocrine, Behavioral, Immune, Autonomic

Question 9

Increasing ______ of stressor decreases stress

Answer 9

Predictability

Question 10

Increasing _____ over termination of stressor decreases stress

Answer 10

control

Question 11

What is experience of stress impedes future learning

Answer 11

Learned helplessness

Question 12

What are sedatives for stress?

Answer 12

Valium, alcohol

Question 13

What is a Benzodiazepine that increases effectiveness of
GABA activity (for stress)?

Answer 13

Valium

Question 14

What is the biological action of increasing GABA, and is social escapism, distraction?

Answer 14

Alcohol

Question 15

Autonomic nervous system is part of the

Answer 15

PNS

Question 16

Which part of the ANS monitors the internal world?

Answer 16

Sensory component

Question 17

Which part of the ANS activates or inhibits target structures to adjust to changes in internal world?

Answer 17

Motor component

Question 18

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

Answer 18

Sympathetic - fight or flight

Parasympathetic - Rest and recoop

Question 19

What exerts direct control over the entire endocrine system through specific neurons in the hypothalamus that regulate the hormones secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 19

Hypothalamus

Question 20

What are the functional zones of the hypothalamus? (3)

Answer 20

1. Periventricular zone
2. Medial zone
3. Lateral zone

Question 21

What zone of the hypothalamus is immediately adjacent to the third ventricle. Receives information regarding internal conditions requiring regulation (ex temperature, salt concentration, and levels of hormones secreted by the endocrine system)
– Checks to make certain medial zone doing job correctly

Answer 21

Periventricular Zone

Question 22

Which zone of the hypothalamus surrounds the periventricular zone, contains most of the neuronal nuclei that regulate the pituitary glands instructions to the endocrine system

Answer 22

Medial Zone

Question 23

Which zone of the hypothalamus is the site where cortex, limbic structures, and medulla can modulate hypothalamic activity. These higher brain areas can override the automatic hypothalamic responses to variations detected in the internal environment

Answer 23

Lateral Zone

Question 24

Neurons in the medial zone send their axons to the?

Answer 24

Median eminence

Question 25

What links the median eminence with the anterior pituitary?

Answer 25

Specialized blood vessels (pituitary portal circulation)

Question 26

Medial zone nuclei ALSO send axons to the ______ of the pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Answer 26

Posterior lobe

Question 27

Where do medial zone nuclei release their NT's? (Oxytocin and vasopressin) and as what?

Answer 27

Directly into bloodstream as hormones

Question 28

What NT activates contraction of uterus during final stages of labor and help with maternal milk let-down

Answer 28

Oxytocin

Question 29

What NT increases blood pressure during extreme emergencies when fluid or blood is lost and decreases urinary excretion of water (also known as antidiuretic hormone

Answer 29

Vasopressin

Question 30

What does the Medulla Oblongata regulate? (3 things)

Answer 30

1. Spontaneous respiratory movements 2. Blood pressure 3. Cardiac rhythem

Question 31

Endocrine organs are called?

Answer 31

glands

Question 32

What are the substances called that the endocrine glands secrete?

Answer 32

hormones

Question 33

What controls and modulates glandular response to changes in environment and demands of environment

Answer 33

Brain

Question 34

FSH targets:

Answer 34

Gonads

Question 35

LH targets:

Answer 35

Gonads

Question 36

Thyrotropin targets:

Answer 36

Thyroid

Question 37

Adrenocorticotropin targets:

Answer 37

Adrenal cortex

Question 38

Growth Hormone targets:

Answer 38

``` Liver All cells (protein synth) ```

Question 39

Prolactin targets:

Answer 39

Breasts (growth and milk secretion)

Question 40

Vasopressin targets:

Answer 40

``` Kidney tubules (Water retention) Arterioles (Increase BP) ```

Question 41

Oxytocin targets:

Answer 41

Uterus (contraction)

Question 42

Estrogen targets

Answer 42

Numerous (secondary sexual characteristics - breast growth)

Question 43

Testosterone targets

Answer 43

Numerous (secondary sexual characteristics - muscle growth)

Question 44

Thyroxin targets

Answer 44

Numerous (Increase metabolic rate)

Question 45

Corticosteroids targets

Answer 45

numerous

Question 46

Aldosterone targets

Answer 46

kidney

Question 47

Epinephrine targets

Answer 47

Cardiovascular system, skin, liver, muscle and others

Question 48

Norepinephrine targets

Answer 48

Cardiovascular system, skin, liver, muscle and others

Question 49

Insulin targets

Answer 49

Numerous

Question 50

Glucagon targets

Answer 50

Liver, Muscle

Question 51

Somatostatin targets:

Answer 51

Islets

Question 52

How do axes (such as HPA) maintain homeostasis?

Answer 52

by feedback onto themselves

Question 53

What does negative feedback do ?

Answer 53

Shuts system down

Question 54

What does positive feedback do?

Answer 54

Keep system active

Question 55

What is DSM V mood disorder: diagnosed by licensed psychologist based on report of behavior (self, friends, family)

Answer 55

Major Depressive Disorder

Question 56

How long must symptoms last to qualify as major depressive disorder?

Answer 56

longer than 2 months

Question 57

Major Depressive Disorder affects women or men more?

Answer 57

Twice as many women as men

Question 58

What are the most common ages of people affected by major depressive disorder?

Answer 58

25-44

Question 59

What are three contributing factors to MDD?

Answer 59

Cognitive Pyscho-Social Genetic

Question 60

Monoamine hypothesis

Answer 60

Symptoms of depression can be improved by agents that act to increase synaptic concentrations of monoamines.

Question 61

According to the monoamine hypothesis, depression is a deficiency of?

Answer 61

central noradrenergic and/or serotonergic systems

Question 62

Which drug was first used in the 1950’s - first use as an antitubercular drug, produced greater vitality and sociability in patients taking drug

Answer 62

MAOI's (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors)

Question 63

Which antidepressant drug prevents the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters (including serotonin), thereby increasing synaptic concentration

Answer 63

MAOIs

Question 64

which drug for depression is used with extreme caution as often as a last resort?

Answer 64

MAOI's

Question 65

Which depression drug was used in the 1950’s - first use as an antipsychotic, but produced mania in some patients – Inhibit reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine by blocking SERT and NERT – severe side-effects

Answer 65

TCA's (tricyclic antidepressants)

Question 66

Which antidepressant drug confounds include: 1) some patients show decreased serotonin levels despite initial increase 2) some patients symptoms get worse before getting better (increased suicide risk)

Answer 66

SSRI's (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

Question 67

T or F, you can be prescribed more than one antidepressant at a time?

Answer 67

True

Question 68

What are two treatment resistant depression?

Answer 68

Lithium | Thyroid Hormones

Question 69

What is the singe most effective treatment for depression?

Answer 69

ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)

Question 70

What kind of treatment for depression uses focal magnetic energy to stimulate electrical currents within neurons

Answer 70

Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 71

What is a behavioral intervention for depression?

Answer 71

Psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral therapy)

Question 72

What disorder is characterized by significant mood swings?

Answer 72

Bipolar disorder

Question 73

Bipolar disorder affects men and women equally or unequally?

Answer 73

Equally

Question 74

When does bipolar disorder start?

Answer 74

between ages 15-25

Question 75

T or F? Bipolar disorder is highly heritable?

Answer 75

TRUE

Question 76

What are the three types of Bipolar Disorder?

Answer 76

BD1 BD2 Cyclothymia

Question 77

Which type of Bipolar Disorder consists of mania and major depression?

Answer 77

BD1

Question 78

Which type of bipolar disorder consists of not full mania (although high energy) and major depression?

Answer 78

BD2

Question 79

Which type of bipolar disorder consists of less severe mood swings?

Answer 79

Cyclothymia

Question 80

Carbamazepine (Tegretol), Lithium carbonate, lithium citrate and Valproate are examples of what for bipolar disorder?

Answer 80

Mood stabilizers

Question 81

MRI looks at ______, while fMRI looks at ______

Answer 81

structure | function

Question 82

CT or CAT looks at?

Answer 82

Structure

Question 83

DTI and DSI looks at?

Answer 83

structure

Question 84

PET looks at?

Answer 84

combo of structure and function

Question 85

EEG looks at?

Answer 85

function

Question 86

Which neuroimaging technique has good temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution?

Answer 86

EEG | MEG

Question 87

Which neuroimaging technique has good spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution?

Answer 87

MRI, fMRI

Question 88

MEG looks at?

Answer 88

function

Question 89

What is a limitation of fMRI?

Answer 89

not sensitive enough for white matter

Question 90

What can study neuronal connectivity non-invasively and it provides a quantitative assessment of anatomical connectivity in WM?

Answer 90

Diffusion tensor imaging

Question 91

DTI is

Answer 91

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Question 92

DSI is

Answer 92

Diffusion Spectrum Imaging

Question 93

CAT or CT is

Answer 93

COmputerized Axial Tomography

Question 94

What is a high resolution 3 dimensional x-ray

Answer 94

CAT or CT

Question 95

PET is

Answer 95

Positron Emission tomography

Question 96

Which neuroimaging technique requires use of injected radioisotope tracer bound to a biologically active molecule

Answer 96

PET

Question 97

Which neurophysiological technique is the net of electrodes placed directly on head – Measures voltage fluctuations along the scalp – Summation of synchronous firing of multiple (thousands) neurons (electrical field)

Answer 97

EEG

Question 98

ERP is

Answer 98

Event related potential

Question 99

Records magnetic fields produced by synchronized neuronal electrical currents

Answer 99

MEG