Neurodevelopment and ethological animal models

Question 1

Within the first 2 weeks after fertilization, the cells of the embryonic disc differentiate into:

Answer 1

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Question 2

Endoderm becomes the

Answer 2

respiratory and digestive tract

Question 3

Ectoderm becomes the

Answer 3

nervous system

Question 4

3-4 weeks after conception, ectoderm forms primitive

Answer 4

Neural plate

Question 5

~18 days, neural plate forms the

Answer 5

neural tube

Question 6

Top of the neural tube forms 3 bulges which become:

Answer 6

1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Question 7

Prosencephalon

Answer 7

(forebrain)

Question 8

Mesencephalon

Answer 8

(midbrain)

Question 9

Rhombencephalon

Answer 9

(hindbrain)

Question 10

Remainder of the neural tube becomes the

Answer 10

spinal cord

Question 11

remain outside the neural tube as it folds,

Answer 11

Neuroblasts (young neurons)

Question 12

Neuroblasts (young neurons) remain outside the neural tube as it folds,
becoming the

Answer 12

neural crest

Question 13

Neural crest gives rise to the peripheral

Answer 13

Autonomic nervous system

Question 14

Steps of neuronal development (6)

Answer 14

1. Induction
2. Proliferation
3. Migration
4. Differentiation
5. Circuit formation
6. Cell Death

Question 15

Process that allows some parts of the ectoderm of the neural disc to become transformed into the neural plate

Answer 15

Induction

Question 16

Crucial initiating step is interaction between the ectoderm and the mesoderm

Answer 16

Induction

Question 17

If top (rostral) end of neural tube doesn’t close, child is born without

Answer 17

cortex (anencephalic)

Question 18

If caudal end of neural tube doesn’t close,

Answer 18

general motor impairments, but cognition spared

Question 19

The cell division throughout which the few cells making up the neural plate and neural tube multiply to become the billions of cells of a complete brain

Answer 19

Proliferation

Question 20

When does proliferation begin?

Answer 20

After the neural tube closes

Question 21

How many phases does proliferation occur in?

Answer 21

2

Question 22

Movement of newly formed cells from the region in which they proliferated to their final destination in the brain

Answer 22

Migration

Question 23

In migration, cells move back and forth between the ______ and _______ zones until they stop in the _______ or ______ zone

Answer 23

ventricular and marginal zones

stop in the intermediate or subventricular zone

Question 24

In Migration, cells terminating in the _____ zone continue to proliferate

Answer 24

subventricular zone
(between intermediate and ventricular zone)

Question 25

Cell bodies of radial glial cells remain in the ____ zone, while cell processes radiate out to the surface are used as scaffolding for neurons to traverse during migration

Answer 25

subventricular zone

Question 26

Normal migration results in

Answer 26

deep layers of cortex formed first by oldest (earliest formed) neurons

Question 27

Thalamic nuclei originate as well as cortical layers form as a result of…

Answer 27

Aggregation

Question 28

Mutual adhesion of similar cells as a first step in the formation of fxl brain parts is part of…..

Answer 28

Aggregation

Question 29

Process by which each neuron acquires its given size, shape, location, connections, and mode of transmitting messages (excitatory vs. inhibitory)

Answer 29

Differentiation

Question 30

Apoptosis

Answer 30

programmed cell death (NOT necrosis)

Question 31

Olfactory parts of the brain develop during (also includes hippocampus)

Answer 31

telencephalic refinement (second month)

Question 32

provide a blueprint for vulnerability or resistence by altering fundamental developmental outcomes

Answer 32

Genes

Question 33

participate in the process of tipping the developmental scales towards a better or poorer outcome

Answer 33

Environmental factors

Question 34

How we study neurodevelopmental disorders…

Answer 34

Genes
Cells 
Circuits 
Organs
Gene x Environment Behavior

Question 35

strong analogies to the

endophenotypes in the human disorder

Answer 35

Face validity

Question 36

the same biological dysfunction that causes the disorder in humans (gene mutation/ circuit effects)

Answer 36

Construct validity

Question 37

predictive response to treatments that reverse or prevent the disorder

Answer 37

Predictive validity