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OT 515 Neuroscience > Basic Neuroanatomy and Circuits > Flashcards

Basic Neuroanatomy and Circuits Flashcards

1
Q

What does the brain serve as, mediating interactions between local and global environment and determining appropriate behavior output?

A

Black box

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2
Q

How do we study the brain?

A

Genes –> Cells –> Circuits –> Organs –> Gene x Environment –> Behavior

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3
Q

What are behaviors (3 things)?

A
  1. Interactions w the environment
  2. Actions controlling the body (breathing, BP, reflexes)
  3. Mental activities (learning, writing, etc)
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4
Q

How do we study behaviors? (5 things)

A

Using the scientific method

  1. Observation
  2. Interpretation
  3. Verification (replication)
  4. Inductive reasoning (no hyp. to guide, start first w observations)
  5. Deductive reasoning (global hyp tested)
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5
Q

Galen…

A

and his humors

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6
Q

Renee Descartes

A

Mind body dualism

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7
Q

Galvani

A

electrical impulses

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8
Q

Gall

A

phrenology

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9
Q

Ramon y Cajal

A

Individual neurons

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10
Q

Dale and Loewi

A

chemical transmission from brain to muscle

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11
Q

CNS includes the …

A

brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

PNS includes the…

A

somatic and autonomic systems

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13
Q

Rostral

A

front

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14
Q

caudal

A

back

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15
Q

anterior

A

front

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16
Q

posterior

A

back

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17
Q

dorsal

A

top

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18
Q

ventral

A

bottom

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19
Q

Forebrain includes the (brain structures)

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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20
Q

Midbrain include the (brain structures)

A 
Superior colliculus (visual)
Inferior Colliculus (auditory)
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21
Q

Hindbrain includes the (brain structures)

A

Medulla
Cerebellum
Pons

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22
Q

Parts of the telencephalon

A

Cerebral hemispheres (4 lobes)
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Basal Ganglia

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23
Q

Parts of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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24
Q

How many lobes in the cerebral hemisphere?

A

4 lobes

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25
Q

The Amygdala controls the

A

emotions

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26
Q

The Hippocampus controls the

A

memory

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27
Q

the Basal Ganglia controls the

A

involuntary movement

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28
Q

The thalamus is the

A

gateway to and from the forebrain

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29
Q

the hypothalamus is the

A

relay station for internal regulatory systems

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30
Q

The superior colliculus controls…

A

vision

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31
Q

the inferior colliculus controls…

A

auditory

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32
Q

Medulla does…

A

autonomic functions

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33
Q

Cerebellum does…

A

learned motor responses

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34
Q

Pons is the…

A

relay between cerebellum and cerebrum

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35
Q

Occipital lobe does…

A

vision

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36
Q

temporal lobe does…

A

audition, speech and some memory

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37
Q

parietal lobe does…

A

sensory responses

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38
Q

frontal lobe does

A

motor control and executive functions

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39
Q

Keep extracellular spaces clean, provide glucose to active neurons, redirect blood flow to needy areas, scavages damaged neurons

A

Astrocytes

40
Q

rovide myelin (cellular insulation) for neurons, allowing for fast transmission of action potential

A

Oligodendrocytes

41
Q

Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes are examples of…

A

Glia

42
Q

What is vasculature responsible for?

A

Providing oxygenated blood to neurons

43
Q

Why is neuronal vasculature not continuous with neurons?

A

Because of the highly selective blood brain barrier that prevents transmission of large particles from blood to brain

44
Q

What can pass through the blood brain barrier?

A

Small lipophilic molecules (hydrophobic)

45
Q

T or F, Some hydrophilic molecules can pass through the BBB, because membrane transporters exist

A

True

46
Q

T or F, Amino Acids can pass through BBB?

A

True

47
Q

L-Dopa (Amino Acid) can or cannot pass the BBB?

A

Can

48
Q

Dopamine (Amino Acid) can or cannot pass the BBB?

A

Cannot

49
Q

What happens due to leaky vasculature, absent normal barrier, permitting relatively rapid nutrient exchange between blood and tumor, facilitating growth of the tumor.

A

Brain tumors

50
Q

What happens due to increased water content in brain. Cytotoxic brain edema following cerebral ischemia, causes damage to cells, neurons and glia. Damage causes the membrane pumps to fail, leading to water accumulation inside the cells

A

Edema

51
Q

outer membranes between skull and brain, made of connective tissue

A

Meninges

52
Q

Between the meninges and brain is

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

53
Q

CSF is made by the…

A

choroid plexus

54
Q

CSF also pools in ventricular system which includes

A

lateral, 3rd, and 4th ventricles which are continuous with each other and space around spinal cord

55
Q

Neurons communicate w eachother at

A

synapses

56
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy source

57
Q

Microtubules-

A

provide structural support

58
Q

internal membrane channels that distribute cellular products

A

Endoplasmic reticulum-

59
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum-

A

packages secretory products (synaptic vesicles)

60
Q

(manufactures secretory products and cells needed products) reside on rough ER or are unattached in the cytoplasm

A

Ribosomes

61
Q

found only in cytoplasm of soma and dendrites

A

rER and ribosomes

62
Q

found only in axons

A

synaptic vescicles

63
Q

Intracellular is positive or negative?

A

negative

64
Q

_____, ______ & ______ channels in the plasma membrane allow for ion flow

A

Potassium, sodium, and chloride

65
Q

What happens to NTs in synapse? (4 things)

A
  1. Bind to post-synaptic receptors
  2. Bind to pre-synaptic autoreceptors
  3. Re-uptake by pre-synaptic pumps
  4. Enzymatic degradation
66
Q

Below are part of what NT family?

  1. Glutamate and aspartate
  2. Glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
A

Amino Acid

67
Q

Monoamines are synthesized from…

A

Amino Acids

68
Q

Below are part of what NT family?
Catecholamines:
– Dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine,

A

Monoamines

69
Q

Below are part of what NT family?
Indolamine:
– serotonin (5-HT)

A

Monoamines

70
Q

Below are part of what NT family?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Monoamines

71
Q

Below are part of what NT family?

Oxytocin, vasopressin, glucagon related peptide, pancreatic polypeptide related peptides, opioids

A

Peptides

72
Q

Product of at least 2 amino acids linked together

A

Peptides

73
Q

Acetylcholine is used in PNS to

A

contract muscles

74
Q

In the upper midbrain, Acetylcholine targets….

A

Thalamus, brain stem and some hypothalamus

75
Q

In the anterior hypothalamus and central septum, Acetylcholine targets…

A

cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulbs

implicated in Alzheimers disease

76
Q

All Catecholamine are synthesized from amino acid…

A

tyrosine

77
Q

Found in midbrain (substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum)

A

Dopamine

78
Q

Involved in emotion regulation, movement, drug abuse, and reward

A

Dopamine

79
Q

Found in locus coeruleus in CNS

A

Norepinephrine

80
Q

Found in adrenal gland in PNS

A

Norepinephrine

81
Q

Involved in emotional arousal, drug abuse, reward, regulating sleep and mood

A

Norepinephrine

82
Q

Found throughout medulla in CNS

A

Epinephrine

83
Q

Found in adrenal gland in PNS

A

Epinephrine

84
Q

Involved in CNS participation in regulating blood pressure

A

Epinephrine

85
Q

Found in raphe nuclei in the pons

A

Serotonin

86
Q

Involved in temperature regulation, sensory perception, onset of sleep, and mood

A

Serotonin

87
Q

Not exclusive to CNS, also found in pituitary, other endocrine glands, and the immune system

A

Peptides

88
Q

Concentration of peptides in CNS much lower than

A

Amino Acid or monoamine transmitters

89
Q

Examples of peptides

A

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

90
Q

These NT can be released directly into bloodstream

A

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

91
Q

facilitates water retention in kidney

A

Vasopressin

92
Q

stimulates milk-ejection reflex in moms of newborns

A

Oxytocin

93
Q

thought to be involved in maternal-infant attachment and other social behaviors

A

Vasopressin and Oxytocin

94
Q

What determine whether a NT is excitatory or inhibitory on each neuron

A

Receptors

95
Q

This receptor changes membrane permeability to ions that either excite or inhibit neurons

A

Ligand gated ion channel receptor

96
Q

This receptor type is the majority of receptors for the amino acid transmitters, some for acetylcholine, and 1 for 5-HT

A

Ligand gated ion channel receptor

97
Q

This receptor works indirectly to change excitability of their neurons by changing intracellular Ca2+, or intracellular 2nd messengers (by binding to G-proteins, ie Gs, Gi)

A

G-protein coupled receptor

OT 515 Neuroscience (4 decks)

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