Basic Neuroanatomy and Circuits Flashcards
1
Q
What does the brain serve as, mediating interactions between local and global environment and determining appropriate behavior output?
A
Black box
2
Q
How do we study the brain?
A
Genes –> Cells –> Circuits –> Organs –> Gene x Environment –> Behavior
3
Q
What are behaviors (3 things)?
A
- Interactions w the environment
- Actions controlling the body (breathing, BP, reflexes)
- Mental activities (learning, writing, etc)
4
Q
How do we study behaviors? (5 things)
A
Using the scientific method
- Observation
- Interpretation
- Verification (replication)
- Inductive reasoning (no hyp. to guide, start first w observations)
- Deductive reasoning (global hyp tested)
5
Q
Galen…
A
and his humors
6
Q
Renee Descartes
A
Mind body dualism
7
Q
Galvani
A
electrical impulses
8
Q
Gall
A
phrenology
9
Q
Ramon y Cajal
A
Individual neurons
10
Q
Dale and Loewi
A
chemical transmission from brain to muscle
11
Q
CNS includes the …
A
brain and spinal cord
12
Q
PNS includes the…
A
somatic and autonomic systems
13
Q
Rostral
A
front
14
Q
caudal
A
back
15
Q
anterior
A
front
16
Q
posterior
A
back
17
Q
dorsal
A
top
18
Q
ventral
A
bottom
19
Q
Forebrain includes the (brain structures)
A
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
20
Q
Midbrain include the (brain structures)
A
Superior colliculus (visual) Inferior Colliculus (auditory)
21
Q
Hindbrain includes the (brain structures)
A
Medulla
Cerebellum
Pons
22
Q
Parts of the telencephalon
A
Cerebral hemispheres (4 lobes)
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Basal Ganglia
23
Q
Parts of the Diencephalon
A
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
24
Q
How many lobes in the cerebral hemisphere?
A
4 lobes
25
The Amygdala controls the
emotions
26
The Hippocampus controls the
memory
27
the Basal Ganglia controls the
involuntary movement
28
The thalamus is the
gateway to and from the forebrain
29
the hypothalamus is the
relay station for internal regulatory systems
30
The superior colliculus controls...
vision
31
the inferior colliculus controls...
auditory
32
Medulla does...
autonomic functions
33
Cerebellum does...
learned motor responses
34
Pons is the...
relay between cerebellum and cerebrum
35
Occipital lobe does...
vision
36
temporal lobe does...
audition, speech and some memory
37
parietal lobe does...
sensory responses
38
frontal lobe does
motor control and executive functions
39
Keep extracellular spaces clean, provide glucose to active neurons, redirect blood flow to needy areas, scavages damaged neurons
Astrocytes
40
rovide myelin (cellular insulation) for neurons, allowing for fast transmission of action potential
Oligodendrocytes
41
Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes are examples of...
Glia
42
What is vasculature responsible for?
Providing oxygenated blood to neurons
43
Why is neuronal vasculature not continuous with neurons?
Because of the highly selective blood brain barrier that prevents transmission of large particles from blood to brain
44
What can pass through the blood brain barrier?
Small lipophilic molecules (hydrophobic)
45
T or F, Some hydrophilic molecules can pass through the BBB, because membrane transporters exist
True
46
T or F, Amino Acids can pass through BBB?
True
47
L-Dopa (Amino Acid) can or cannot pass the BBB?
Can
48
Dopamine (Amino Acid) can or cannot pass the BBB?
Cannot
49
What happens due to leaky vasculature, absent normal barrier, permitting relatively rapid nutrient exchange between blood and tumor, facilitating growth of the tumor.
Brain tumors
50
What happens due to increased water content in brain. Cytotoxic brain edema following cerebral ischemia, causes damage to cells, neurons and glia. Damage causes the membrane pumps to fail, leading to water accumulation inside the cells
Edema
51
outer membranes between skull and brain, made of connective tissue
Meninges
52
Between the meninges and brain is
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
53
CSF is made by the...
choroid plexus
54
CSF also pools in ventricular system which includes
lateral, 3rd, and 4th ventricles which are continuous with each other and space around spinal cord
55
Neurons communicate w eachother at
synapses
56
Mitochondria
Energy source
57
Microtubules-
provide structural support
58
internal membrane channels that distribute cellular products
Endoplasmic reticulum-
59
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum-
packages secretory products (synaptic vesicles)
60
(manufactures secretory products and cells needed products) reside on rough ER or are unattached in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
61
found only in cytoplasm of soma and dendrites
rER and ribosomes
62
found only in axons
synaptic vescicles
63
Intracellular is positive or negative?
negative
64
_____, ______ & ______ channels in the plasma membrane allow for ion flow
Potassium, sodium, and chloride
65
What happens to NTs in synapse? (4 things)
1. Bind to post-synaptic receptors
2. Bind to pre-synaptic autoreceptors
3. Re-uptake by pre-synaptic pumps
4. Enzymatic degradation
66
Below are part of what NT family?
1. Glutamate and aspartate
2. Glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Amino Acid
67
Monoamines are synthesized from...
Amino Acids
68
Below are part of what NT family?
Catecholamines:
– Dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine,
Monoamines
69
Below are part of what NT family?
Indolamine:
– serotonin (5-HT)
Monoamines
70
Below are part of what NT family?
| Acetylcholine (ACh)
Monoamines
71
Below are part of what NT family?
| Oxytocin, vasopressin, glucagon related peptide, pancreatic polypeptide related peptides, opioids
Peptides
72
Product of at least 2 amino acids linked together
Peptides
73
Acetylcholine is used in PNS to
contract muscles
74
In the upper midbrain, Acetylcholine targets....
Thalamus, brain stem and some hypothalamus
75
In the anterior hypothalamus and central septum, Acetylcholine targets...
cortex, hippocampus and olfactory bulbs
| implicated in Alzheimers disease
76
All Catecholamine are synthesized from amino acid...
tyrosine
77
Found in midbrain (substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum)
Dopamine
78
Involved in emotion regulation, movement, drug abuse, and reward
Dopamine
79
Found in locus coeruleus in CNS
Norepinephrine
80
Found in adrenal gland in PNS
Norepinephrine
81
Involved in emotional arousal, drug abuse, reward, regulating sleep and mood
Norepinephrine
82
Found throughout medulla in CNS
Epinephrine
83
Found in adrenal gland in PNS
Epinephrine
84
Involved in CNS participation in regulating blood pressure
Epinephrine
85
Found in raphe nuclei in the pons
Serotonin
86
Involved in temperature regulation, sensory perception, onset of sleep, and mood
Serotonin
87
Not exclusive to CNS, also found in pituitary, other endocrine glands, and the immune system
Peptides
88
Concentration of peptides in CNS much lower than
Amino Acid or monoamine transmitters
89
Examples of peptides
Vasopressin and Oxytocin
90
These NT can be released directly into bloodstream
Vasopressin and Oxytocin
91
facilitates water retention in kidney
Vasopressin
92
stimulates milk-ejection reflex in moms of newborns
Oxytocin
93
thought to be involved in maternal-infant attachment and other social behaviors
Vasopressin and Oxytocin
94
What determine whether a NT is excitatory or inhibitory on each neuron
Receptors
95
This receptor changes membrane permeability to ions that either excite or inhibit neurons
Ligand gated ion channel receptor
96
This receptor type is the majority of receptors for the amino acid transmitters, some for acetylcholine, and 1 for 5-HT
Ligand gated ion channel receptor
97
This receptor works indirectly to change excitability of their neurons by changing intracellular Ca2+, or intracellular 2nd messengers (by binding to G-proteins, ie Gs, Gi)
G-protein coupled receptor
