Homeostasis, Sensation and Perception Flashcards
1
Q
What refers to the simultaneous arrival at each ear of different portions (phases) of the oscillating sound wave
A
Phase Differences
2
Q
Which ear receives less intense stimulation in regard to intensity differences?
A
Ear opposite the source of the sound
3
Q
What Functions to maintain balance, position of the head in the upright position, and adjustment of eye movement to compensate for head movements
A
Vestibular system
4
Q
Which component of the vestibular system responds to force of gravity and informs the brain about head orientation?
A
Vestibular Sacs
5
Q
Which component of the vestibular system responds to angular acceleration, but not steady rotation?
A
Semicircular Canals
6
Q
Which component of the vestibular system responds weakly to changes in position or linear acceleration?
A
Semicircular Canals
7
Q
What are the Utricle and Saccule located within?
A
Vestibular Sacs
8
Q
In the vestibular system, what are circular and each contain a patch of receptive tissue containing receptor hair cells?
A
Utricle and Saccule
9
Q
What is the cilia embedded in within the utricle and saccule . What does it do when there is motion?
A
Embedded in an overlaying gelatinous mass containing crystals of calcium carbonate
They shift in response to motion
10
Q
What are the 3 major planes the semicircular canals approximate?
A
Sagittal, transverse and horizontal
11
Q
What are the receptors for the semicircular canals? Where are they?
A
Receptors are HAIR CELLS, found in the cupula within the ampulla.
12
Q
Which part of the vestibular system has canals filled with fluid and receptors pick up on differences in fluid motion?
A
Semicircular Canals
13
Q
In the vestibular system, what do bipolar cell bodies give rise to?
A
Afferent Axons of the vestibular nerve (part of CN 8). in the vestibular ganglion
14
Q
Where do most of the vestibular nerve axons synapse?
Where do SOME of the vestibular nerve axons travel directly to?
A
within the Medulla Nuclei
SOME travel to the cerebellum
15
Q
What is the vestibular pathway from the nuclei?
A
Nuclei –> cerebellum –> Spinal cord –> medulla –> pons
16
Q
What projections are responsible for feelings of nausea and vomiting during motion sickness (vestibular)?
A
Projections to the lower brainstem
17
Q
What do the connections to the cranial nerve nuclei control (vestibular system)?
A
Eye muscles to compensate for sudden head movements such as running
18
Q
What is the reflex called that compensates for sudden head movements such as running?
A
Vestibulo-Ocular reflex
19
Q
What provides information about what is happening on the surface of our body and inside it
A
Somatosensation
20
Q
What part of somatosensation detects pressure, vibration, heat, cooling, and tissue-damaging events (skin)
A
Cutaneous
21
Q
What part of somatosensation detects changes in muscle length and force exerted on muscles (body position)
A
Kinesthesia
22
Q
What part of somatosensation detects changes in internal organs, including stretch, temperature, and chemicals
A
Organic
23
Q
Merkel disks detect?
A
Touch
24
Q
Meissner Corpuscles detect?
A
Touch
25
Pacinian Corpuscles detect?
Pressure
26
Ruffini endings detect?
Pressure
27
What responds to low frequency vibrations on hairy skin?
Unencapsulated nerve endings and Ruffini endings
28
What are found in the dermis, are largest sensory end organs (visible to naked eye) and sensitive to high-frequency vibration? (Hairless skin)
Pacinian Corpuscles
29
What are found in epidermis and sensitive to low frequency vibration (Hairless skin)
Meissners Corpuscles
30
What are found at base of epidermis and respond to skin indentation (hairless skin)
Merkels Disks
31
Where does somatosensory information enter the central nervous system?
Through cranial and spinal nerves
32
What drives spinal reflexes that maintain local aspects of pain control and motor compensation?
Somatosensory information
33
Where does somatosensory information flow from?
Spinal cord to specialized regions of the Thalamus (VPL) through parallel pathways
34
What does the DCML tract (Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal) detect?
Precisely localized information - touch, kinesthesia, proprioception
35
What does the Spinothalamis (Anterolateral) Tract detect?
Poorly localized information - pain, temperature and visceral sensation
36
Which somatosensory tract detects Precisely localized information - touch, kinesthesia, proprioception
DCML
37
Which somatosensory tract detects Poorly localized information - pain, temperature and visceral sensation
Spinothalamic (Anterolateral) Tract
38
Where do thalamic relay neurons project from?
VPL to primary somatosensory cortex
39
Where is the integration of information about personal and peripersonal space (touch, position, pressure)?
Parietal Lobe (Anterior Parietal Cortex - APL)
40
What is the relay point for all sensory pathways (EXCEPT olfaction)?
Thalamus
41
How is the somatosensory cortex arranged?
in cortical columns
42
T or F? Within a cortical column, neurons respond to a particular type of stimulus applied to a particular part of the body?
True
43
What responds to original bending and release, but not to steady pressure (adaptation) (not due to fatigue of receptor)
Pacinian Corpuscle
44
T or F, Pacinian Corpuscles respond well to moving stimuli?
True, used to analyze shapes and textures (hard, soft, sticky, slippery, rough, etc).
45
What Stimuli are chemical instead of physical stimuli
Chemosenses
46
What is Related to eating; this sense allows us to determine the nature of things we put in our mouths
Gustation
47
What are the five qualities of taste?
Salty, Sweet, Umami, Bitter, Sour
48
What specific biological need does Umami taste provide?
Amino acids
49
What specific biological need does sweet provide?
Calories
50
What specific biological need does salt provide?
Sodium chloride (an essential mineral)
51
What is taste (flavor) comprised of?
taste, texture, temperature and odor
52
Taste buds are what kind of organs?
Receptive organs
53
What is on the anterior 2/3 of tongue, contain 4-6 taste buds each
Fungiform Papillae
54
What kind of taste bud is eight parallel fold along each edge of the back of the tongue,
contain 1300 taste buds within these folds
Foliate Papillae
55
What is arranged in an inverted V on posterior 1/3 of tongue, contain 250 taste buds
Circumvallate Papillae
56
What do taste buds consist of (receptor cells)
20-50 receptor cells arranged like an organge
57
Where is the cilia located on each taste bud? Where do they project to?
At the end of each cell - project through the opening of the taste bud into the saliva
58
What is the lifespan of the taste bud receptor?
10 days
59
T or F? Receptor cells do not fire action potentials, but release transmitter in graded fashion onto nerve endings
True
60
Which nerve carries anterior taste?
Chorda Tympani (CT)
61
Which nerve carries anterior tactile (oral sensation)?
Trigeminal (V)
62
Which nerve carries posterior taste and tactile?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
63
Oral sensation combines with retronasal olfaction to produce what in the mouth?
Flavor
64
What is the first relay station in the gustatory pathway?
Nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla
65
From the NTS where does the gustatory pathway travel next?
ventral posteromedial thalamus
66
From the thalamus, where does the gustatory pathway go next?
gustatory cortex in the frontal insular and opercular cortex
67
taste is ipsilaterally or bilaterally represented?
Ipsilaterally
68
Where does the Nucleus of the solitary tract also project to, perhaps contributing to rewarding properties of taste?
Amygdala and hypothalaumus
69
What conveys not only the nature of objects, but evokes memories and emotion as well?
Olfaction
70
What helps us identify a large array of environmentally important objects: food, kin, prey, etc.?
Olfaction
71
What is it called when someone lacks the sense of smell?
Anosmic
72
What is the specialized organ (in some species) for detecting reproductive cues?
Vomeronasal organ
73
Olfactory receptor cells reside within two patches of mucous membrane called What? located at the top of the nasal cavity
olfactory epithelium
74
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
top of the nasal cavity
75
How much air that enters the nostril reaches the epithelium? What is needed to sweep air upward?
less than 10%
| A sniff
76
Olfactory mucosa contains nerve endings of which cranial nerve?
Mediates what?
```
V
Pain sensation (amonia)
```
77
What is the bone at the base of the rostral part of the brain that has olfactory receptor cell bodies that line it?
Cribriform plate
78
What is the turnover rate of olfactory receptor cells?
about 60 days
79
What opens the sodium (Na+) channels to depolarize the cell and convey an AP in olfactory receptors?
Odor molecules that dissolve in the mucus and stimulate receptor molecules on the cilia
80
Where do axons of receptor cells that enter through the skull through perforated cribiform plate terminate?
Olfactory bulb
81
Axons synapse with dendrites of __________ in the __________; all cells expressing a particular receptor project to the same glomeruli
Mitral cells,
| Olfactory glomeruli
82
Olfactory tract axons project to the?
Primary olfactory cortex
| directly on the pyriform cortex
83
Where does the pyriform cortex project to?
hypothalamus and dorsomedial thalamus
84
Where do hypothalamus and dorsomedial thalamus project to?
Orbitofrontal cortex
85
Where is taste and olfaction combined to convey perception of taste?
Orbitofrontal cortex
86
Olfactory pathway
Primary olfactory cortex --> hypothalamus and dorsomedial thalamus --> orbitofrontal cortex
87
Gustatory Pathway
Nucleus of solitary tract --> ventral posteromedial thalamus --> gustatory cortex
88
Orthonasal detects?
Environmental odors
89
Retronasal detects?
Food-emitted odors
90
What combines with taste and oral somatosensory cues to produce a unitary sense of flavor?
Retronasal Olfaction (RO)
91
What is the stimulus for vision?
Light
92
What is the perception of color determined by? (3 things)
1. Hue - wavelength
2. Saturation
3. Brightness
93
What is the outermost layer of the eye, opaque, and does not allow light entry
Sclera
94
What is the the outer transparent layer at the front of the eye that allows light entry
Cornea
95
What is the the pigmented ring of muscles situated behind the cornea
Iris
96
What is the opening of the iris that determines amount of light entry
Pupil
97
What sits right behind iris, made of transparent layers whose shape is controlled by ciliary muscles. Changes in shape allow the eye to focus images of near or distant objects on the retina (accomodation)
Lens
98
What is the gelatinous substance giving the eye its bulk
Vitreous Humor
99
What is the the interior lining of the back of the eye (contains the photoreceptors)?
Retina
100
What is the central region of retina
Fovea
101
What is the part of the retina where the axons conveying visual information gather and exit the eye through the optic nerve (this is your blindspot; there are no photoreceptors)
Optic Disk
102
What is Cooperative movements keeping both eyes fixed upon the same target
Vergence
103
What is abrupt gaze shifts?
Saccadic
104
What is purposeful track of object?
Pursuit
105
What are the photoreceptors of the eye?
Rods and Cones
106
What photoreceptor provides vision of low acuity and are VERY sensitive to light, but not color?
Rods
107
Approx how many rods and cones are there?
Rods - 120 million
| Cones - 6 million
108
What photoreceptor provides us with most of the information about our environment, is responsible for daytime vision and high acuity, color vision?
Cones
109
What photoreceptor is located int he fovea?
Cones
110
What is is activated by light and hyperpolarizes, reducing inhibitory neurotransmitter release onto bipolar cells, which project to ganglion cells (net result is activation of ganglion cell)
Photoreceptor
111
___________ do not fire AP, but release glutamate (NT) in graded fashion?
Photoreceptors
112
How do axons of retinal ganglion cells bring info to the rest of the brain?
By ascending through the optic nerves to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLGN) of the thalamus
113
Where does the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus project to?
Primary visual cortex (aka striate cortex)
114
Where do optic nerves cross?
Optic chiasm
115
The nasal sides of the ganglion cells cross to the __________ DLGN?
contralateral
116
The axons from the outer halves of the retina project to ___________ DLGN.
Ipsilateral
117
Each hemisphere receives information from what part of the visual scene?
the contralateral half
118
Which cells become excited when light falls on the photoreceptors. Specifically, light must fall within the neurons receptive field
Ganglion cells
119
What are the two types of ganglion cells?
On and Off
120
Which type of ganglion cell is excited by light falling in the center, inhibited when light falls in surround
"On" ganglion cell
121
Which type of ganglion cell is inhibited by light falling in the center, but excited when light falls around it?
"Off" ganglion cell
122
What hues are the three types of receptors in the eye sensitive to, which allows us to detect color?
Blue, green and red
123
What is it called when someone has red/green color blindness- red and green look yellow, visual acuity is normal (suggesting retina not lacking red or green cones), but rather, red opsin is absent
Protanopia
124
Path from eye to brain:
Retinal ganglion cells --> lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) --> Primary visual cortex (striate cortex)
125
How many layers is the striate cortex?
6
126
What takes information from striate cortex and combines it
Visual association cortex
127
What information does the visual association cortex take from the striate cortex and combine (4 things)
1. Perception of color
2. Analysis and complexity of form
3. Perception of movement
4. Perception of location
128
Where do the two streams of analysis for visual association cortex begin? Do they proceed in the same direction?
striate cortex
| No, they proceed in different directions
129
Which visual association stream turns downward, ending in inferior temporal lobe- responsible for recognizing what an object is
Ventral stream
130
Which visual association stream turns upward ending in posterior parietal lobe- responsible for recognizing where the object is located
Dorsal stream
131
Maintaining stability (homeostasis) through change
Allostasis
132
Process of adaptation to acute challenge
Allostasis
133
The price the body pays for being forced to adapt to adverse or chronic psychosocial or physical stimuli
Allostatic overload
134
Examples of allostatic overload:
- Extreme change in physical environment
- Chronic exposure to drugs
- Extreme change in psychosocial environment
- Change in physical capacity
135
_____ is the stimulus-detection process by which our sense organs respond to and translate environmental stimuli into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.
Sensation
136
_______ making “sense” of what our senses are telling us – is the active process of organizing this stimulus input and giving it meaning
Perception
137
defines lowest stimulus quantity that can be perceived from nothing
threshold
138
Beyond threshold, ______ _______ determines intensity
stimulus magnitude
139
The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected 50 percent of the time. The lower the absolute threshold the greater the sensitivity.
Absolute threshold
140
The lowest concentration at which a stimulus can be
| identified.
Identification threshold
141
The smallest difference between two stimuli that people can perceive 50 percent of the time. Sometimes call the “just noticeable difference”
Difference threshold
142
Conveys information about stimulus intensity and timing – Differs across neurons
Firing rate
143
Diminishing responsiveness of a sensory receptor to prolonged presentation of a stimulus
Adaptation
144
Act to modulate relay neurons (turn up or down)
Local circuits
145
Circumscribed area from which a sensory cell receives information
– Conveys spatial information
receptive fields
146
Retina
Primary visual cortex
| Secondary visual cortex
147
Cochlear Nuclei
Primary auditory cortex
148
Vestibular Nuclei
Somatosensory cortex
149
Spinal cord and brainstem
Somatosensory cortex
150
Olfactory bulb
Limbic structures, hypothalamus
151
Medulla
Somatosensory cortex
152
frequency of vibration, measured in cycles per second (Hertz, Hz)
Pitch
153
function of intensity or the difference between the apex and nadir of the wave, measured in amplitude ( decibels, dB)
Loudness
154
quality/complexity of a sound. Determines the nature of the particular sound. Allows us to distinguish an oboe from a flute playing the same note. Most natural stimuli are complex sounds
Timbre
155
Sound is funneled via the pinna through the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)
External ear
156
Hollow region that contains the ossicles (bones) which are
| vibrated by the tympanic membrane
Middle ear
157
Tympanic membrane connects with the malleus and
| transmits vibrations via the incus and stapes to the cochlea
Middle ear
158
Cochlea (land snail) part of inner ear and filled with fluid
Inner ear
159
the receptive organ within the cochlea
Organ of Corti
160
Auditory receptive cells
Hair cells
161
Anchor for hair cells
Basilar membrane
162
where cilia of hair cells connect here, and is rigid
Tectorial membrane
163
Moderate to high frequency
| detected by
Place coding
164
Low frequency detected by
Rate coding
