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OT 515 Neuroscience > Homeostasis, Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Homeostasis, Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What refers to the simultaneous arrival at each ear of different portions (phases) of the oscillating sound wave

A

Phase Differences

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2
Q

Which ear receives less intense stimulation in regard to intensity differences?

A

Ear opposite the source of the sound

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3
Q

What Functions to maintain balance, position of the head in the upright position, and adjustment of eye movement to compensate for head movements

A

Vestibular system

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4
Q

Which component of the vestibular system responds to force of gravity and informs the brain about head orientation?

A

Vestibular Sacs

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5
Q

Which component of the vestibular system responds to angular acceleration, but not steady rotation?

A

Semicircular Canals

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6
Q

Which component of the vestibular system responds weakly to changes in position or linear acceleration?

A

Semicircular Canals

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7
Q

What are the Utricle and Saccule located within?

A

Vestibular Sacs

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8
Q

In the vestibular system, what are circular and each contain a patch of receptive tissue containing receptor hair cells?

A

Utricle and Saccule

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9
Q

What is the cilia embedded in within the utricle and saccule . What does it do when there is motion?

A

Embedded in an overlaying gelatinous mass containing crystals of calcium carbonate
They shift in response to motion

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10
Q

What are the 3 major planes the semicircular canals approximate?

A

Sagittal, transverse and horizontal

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11
Q

What are the receptors for the semicircular canals? Where are they?

A

Receptors are HAIR CELLS, found in the cupula within the ampulla.

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12
Q

Which part of the vestibular system has canals filled with fluid and receptors pick up on differences in fluid motion?

A

Semicircular Canals

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13
Q

In the vestibular system, what do bipolar cell bodies give rise to?

A

Afferent Axons of the vestibular nerve (part of CN 8). in the vestibular ganglion

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14
Q

Where do most of the vestibular nerve axons synapse?

Where do SOME of the vestibular nerve axons travel directly to?

A

within the Medulla Nuclei

SOME travel to the cerebellum

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15
Q

What is the vestibular pathway from the nuclei?

A

Nuclei –> cerebellum –> Spinal cord –> medulla –> pons

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16
Q

What projections are responsible for feelings of nausea and vomiting during motion sickness (vestibular)?

A

Projections to the lower brainstem

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17
Q

What do the connections to the cranial nerve nuclei control (vestibular system)?

A

Eye muscles to compensate for sudden head movements such as running

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18
Q

What is the reflex called that compensates for sudden head movements such as running?

A

Vestibulo-Ocular reflex

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19
Q

What provides information about what is happening on the surface of our body and inside it

A

Somatosensation

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20
Q

What part of somatosensation detects pressure, vibration, heat, cooling, and tissue-damaging events (skin)

A

Cutaneous

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21
Q

What part of somatosensation detects changes in muscle length and force exerted on muscles (body position)

A

Kinesthesia

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22
Q

What part of somatosensation detects changes in internal organs, including stretch, temperature, and chemicals

A

Organic

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23
Q

Merkel disks detect?

A

Touch

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24
Q

Meissner Corpuscles detect?

A

Touch

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25
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles detect?

A

Pressure

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26
Q

Ruffini endings detect?

A

Pressure

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27
Q

What responds to low frequency vibrations on hairy skin?

A

Unencapsulated nerve endings and Ruffini endings

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28
Q

What are found in the dermis, are largest sensory end organs (visible to naked eye) and sensitive to high-frequency vibration? (Hairless skin)

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

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29
Q

What are found in epidermis and sensitive to low frequency vibration (Hairless skin)

A

Meissners Corpuscles

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30
Q

What are found at base of epidermis and respond to skin indentation (hairless skin)

A

Merkels Disks

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31
Q

Where does somatosensory information enter the central nervous system?

A

Through cranial and spinal nerves

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32
Q

What drives spinal reflexes that maintain local aspects of pain control and motor compensation?

A

Somatosensory information

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33
Q

Where does somatosensory information flow from?

A

Spinal cord to specialized regions of the Thalamus (VPL) through parallel pathways

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34
Q

What does the DCML tract (Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscal) detect?

A

Precisely localized information - touch, kinesthesia, proprioception

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35
Q

What does the Spinothalamis (Anterolateral) Tract detect?

A

Poorly localized information - pain, temperature and visceral sensation

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36
Q

Which somatosensory tract detects Precisely localized information - touch, kinesthesia, proprioception

A

DCML

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37
Q

Which somatosensory tract detects Poorly localized information - pain, temperature and visceral sensation

A

Spinothalamic (Anterolateral) Tract

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38
Q

Where do thalamic relay neurons project from?

A

VPL to primary somatosensory cortex

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39
Q

Where is the integration of information about personal and peripersonal space (touch, position, pressure)?

A

Parietal Lobe (Anterior Parietal Cortex - APL)

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40
Q

What is the relay point for all sensory pathways (EXCEPT olfaction)?

A

Thalamus

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41
Q

How is the somatosensory cortex arranged?

A

in cortical columns

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42
Q

T or F? Within a cortical column, neurons respond to a particular type of stimulus applied to a particular part of the body?

A

True

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43
Q

What responds to original bending and release, but not to steady pressure (adaptation) (not due to fatigue of receptor)

A

Pacinian Corpuscle

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44
Q

T or F, Pacinian Corpuscles respond well to moving stimuli?

A

True, used to analyze shapes and textures (hard, soft, sticky, slippery, rough, etc).

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45
Q

What Stimuli are chemical instead of physical stimuli

A

Chemosenses

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46
Q

What is Related to eating; this sense allows us to determine the nature of things we put in our mouths

A

Gustation

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47
Q

What are the five qualities of taste?

A

Salty, Sweet, Umami, Bitter, Sour

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48
Q

What specific biological need does Umami taste provide?

A

Amino acids

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49
Q

What specific biological need does sweet provide?

A

Calories

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50
Q

What specific biological need does salt provide?

A

Sodium chloride (an essential mineral)

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51
Q

What is taste (flavor) comprised of?

A

taste, texture, temperature and odor

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52
Q

Taste buds are what kind of organs?

A

Receptive organs

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53
Q

What is on the anterior 2/3 of tongue, contain 4-6 taste buds each

A

Fungiform Papillae

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54
Q

What kind of taste bud is eight parallel fold along each edge of the back of the tongue,
contain 1300 taste buds within these folds

A

Foliate Papillae

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55
Q

What is arranged in an inverted V on posterior 1/3 of tongue, contain 250 taste buds

A

Circumvallate Papillae

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56
Q

What do taste buds consist of (receptor cells)

A

20-50 receptor cells arranged like an organge

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57
Q

Where is the cilia located on each taste bud? Where do they project to?

A

At the end of each cell - project through the opening of the taste bud into the saliva

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58
Q

What is the lifespan of the taste bud receptor?

A

10 days

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59
Q

T or F? Receptor cells do not fire action potentials, but release transmitter in graded fashion onto nerve endings

A

True

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60
Q

Which nerve carries anterior taste?

A

Chorda Tympani (CT)

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61
Q

Which nerve carries anterior tactile (oral sensation)?

A

Trigeminal (V)

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62
Q

Which nerve carries posterior taste and tactile?

A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

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63
Q

Oral sensation combines with retronasal olfaction to produce what in the mouth?

A

Flavor

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64
Q

What is the first relay station in the gustatory pathway?

A

Nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla

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65
Q

From the NTS where does the gustatory pathway travel next?

A

ventral posteromedial thalamus

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66
Q

From the thalamus, where does the gustatory pathway go next?

A

gustatory cortex in the frontal insular and opercular cortex

67
Q

taste is ipsilaterally or bilaterally represented?

A

Ipsilaterally

68
Q

Where does the Nucleus of the solitary tract also project to, perhaps contributing to rewarding properties of taste?

A

Amygdala and hypothalaumus

69
Q

What conveys not only the nature of objects, but evokes memories and emotion as well?

A

Olfaction

70
Q

What helps us identify a large array of environmentally important objects: food, kin, prey, etc.?

A

Olfaction

71
Q

What is it called when someone lacks the sense of smell?

A

Anosmic

72
Q

What is the specialized organ (in some species) for detecting reproductive cues?

A

Vomeronasal organ

73
Q

Olfactory receptor cells reside within two patches of mucous membrane called What? located at the top of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory epithelium

74
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A

top of the nasal cavity

75
Q

How much air that enters the nostril reaches the epithelium? What is needed to sweep air upward?

A

less than 10%

A sniff

76
Q

Olfactory mucosa contains nerve endings of which cranial nerve?
Mediates what?

A 
V 
Pain sensation (amonia)
77
Q

What is the bone at the base of the rostral part of the brain that has olfactory receptor cell bodies that line it?

A

Cribriform plate

78
Q

What is the turnover rate of olfactory receptor cells?

A

about 60 days

79
Q

What opens the sodium (Na+) channels to depolarize the cell and convey an AP in olfactory receptors?

A

Odor molecules that dissolve in the mucus and stimulate receptor molecules on the cilia

80
Q

Where do axons of receptor cells that enter through the skull through perforated cribiform plate terminate?

A

Olfactory bulb

81
Q

Axons synapse with dendrites of __________ in the __________; all cells expressing a particular receptor project to the same glomeruli

A

Mitral cells,

Olfactory glomeruli

82
Q

Olfactory tract axons project to the?

A

Primary olfactory cortex

directly on the pyriform cortex

83
Q

Where does the pyriform cortex project to?

A

hypothalamus and dorsomedial thalamus

84
Q

Where do hypothalamus and dorsomedial thalamus project to?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

85
Q

Where is taste and olfaction combined to convey perception of taste?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

86
Q

Olfactory pathway

A

Primary olfactory cortex –> hypothalamus and dorsomedial thalamus –> orbitofrontal cortex

87
Q

Gustatory Pathway

A

Nucleus of solitary tract –> ventral posteromedial thalamus –> gustatory cortex

88
Q

Orthonasal detects?

A

Environmental odors

89
Q

Retronasal detects?

A

Food-emitted odors

90
Q

What combines with taste and oral somatosensory cues to produce a unitary sense of flavor?

A

Retronasal Olfaction (RO)

91
Q

What is the stimulus for vision?

A

Light

92
Q

What is the perception of color determined by? (3 things)

A
  1. Hue - wavelength
  2. Saturation
  3. Brightness
93
Q

What is the outermost layer of the eye, opaque, and does not allow light entry

A

Sclera

94
Q

What is the the outer transparent layer at the front of the eye that allows light entry

A

Cornea

95
Q

What is the the pigmented ring of muscles situated behind the cornea

A

Iris

96
Q

What is the opening of the iris that determines amount of light entry

A

Pupil

97
Q

What sits right behind iris, made of transparent layers whose shape is controlled by ciliary muscles. Changes in shape allow the eye to focus images of near or distant objects on the retina (accomodation)

A

Lens

98
Q

What is the gelatinous substance giving the eye its bulk

A

Vitreous Humor

99
Q

What is the the interior lining of the back of the eye (contains the photoreceptors)?

A

Retina

100
Q

What is the central region of retina

A

Fovea

101
Q

What is the part of the retina where the axons conveying visual information gather and exit the eye through the optic nerve (this is your blindspot; there are no photoreceptors)

A

Optic Disk

102
Q

What is Cooperative movements keeping both eyes fixed upon the same target

A

Vergence

103
Q

What is abrupt gaze shifts?

A

Saccadic

104
Q

What is purposeful track of object?

A

Pursuit

105
Q

What are the photoreceptors of the eye?

A

Rods and Cones

106
Q

What photoreceptor provides vision of low acuity and are VERY sensitive to light, but not color?

A

Rods

107
Q

Approx how many rods and cones are there?

A

Rods - 120 million

Cones - 6 million

108
Q

What photoreceptor provides us with most of the information about our environment, is responsible for daytime vision and high acuity, color vision?

A

Cones

109
Q

What photoreceptor is located int he fovea?

A

Cones

110
Q

What is is activated by light and hyperpolarizes, reducing inhibitory neurotransmitter release onto bipolar cells, which project to ganglion cells (net result is activation of ganglion cell)

A

Photoreceptor

111
Q

___________ do not fire AP, but release glutamate (NT) in graded fashion?

A

Photoreceptors

112
Q

How do axons of retinal ganglion cells bring info to the rest of the brain?

A

By ascending through the optic nerves to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLGN) of the thalamus

113
Q

Where does the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus project to?

A

Primary visual cortex (aka striate cortex)

114
Q

Where do optic nerves cross?

A

Optic chiasm

115
Q

The nasal sides of the ganglion cells cross to the __________ DLGN?

A

contralateral

116
Q

The axons from the outer halves of the retina project to ___________ DLGN.

A

Ipsilateral

117
Q

Each hemisphere receives information from what part of the visual scene?

A

the contralateral half

118
Q

Which cells become excited when light falls on the photoreceptors. Specifically, light must fall within the neurons receptive field

A

Ganglion cells

119
Q

What are the two types of ganglion cells?

A

On and Off

120
Q

Which type of ganglion cell is excited by light falling in the center, inhibited when light falls in surround

A

“On” ganglion cell

121
Q

Which type of ganglion cell is inhibited by light falling in the center, but excited when light falls around it?

A

“Off” ganglion cell

122
Q

What hues are the three types of receptors in the eye sensitive to, which allows us to detect color?

A

Blue, green and red

123
Q

What is it called when someone has red/green color blindness- red and green look yellow, visual acuity is normal (suggesting retina not lacking red or green cones), but rather, red opsin is absent

A

Protanopia

124
Q

Path from eye to brain:

A

Retinal ganglion cells –> lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) –> Primary visual cortex (striate cortex)

125
Q

How many layers is the striate cortex?

A

6

126
Q

What takes information from striate cortex and combines it

A

Visual association cortex

127
Q

What information does the visual association cortex take from the striate cortex and combine (4 things)

A
  1. Perception of color
  2. Analysis and complexity of form
  3. Perception of movement
  4. Perception of location
128
Q

Where do the two streams of analysis for visual association cortex begin? Do they proceed in the same direction?

A

striate cortex

No, they proceed in different directions

129
Q

Which visual association stream turns downward, ending in inferior temporal lobe- responsible for recognizing what an object is

A

Ventral stream

130
Q

Which visual association stream turns upward ending in posterior parietal lobe- responsible for recognizing where the object is located

A

Dorsal stream

131
Q

Maintaining stability (homeostasis) through change

A

Allostasis

132
Q

Process of adaptation to acute challenge

A

Allostasis

133
Q

The price the body pays for being forced to adapt to adverse or chronic psychosocial or physical stimuli

A

Allostatic overload

134
Q

Examples of allostatic overload:

A
  • Extreme change in physical environment
  • Chronic exposure to drugs
  • Extreme change in psychosocial environment
  • Change in physical capacity
135
Q

_____ is the stimulus-detection process by which our sense organs respond to and translate environmental stimuli into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain.

A

Sensation

136
Q

_______ making “sense” of what our senses are telling us – is the active process of organizing this stimulus input and giving it meaning

A

Perception

137
Q

defines lowest stimulus quantity that can be perceived from nothing

A

threshold

138
Q

Beyond threshold, ______ _______ determines intensity

A

stimulus magnitude

139
Q

The lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected 50 percent of the time. The lower the absolute threshold the greater the sensitivity.

A

Absolute threshold

140
Q

The lowest concentration at which a stimulus can be

identified.

A

Identification threshold

141
Q

The smallest difference between two stimuli that people can perceive 50 percent of the time. Sometimes call the “just noticeable difference”

A

Difference threshold

142
Q

Conveys information about stimulus intensity and timing – Differs across neurons

A

Firing rate

143
Q

Diminishing responsiveness of a sensory receptor to prolonged presentation of a stimulus

A

Adaptation

144
Q

Act to modulate relay neurons (turn up or down)

A

Local circuits

145
Q

Circumscribed area from which a sensory cell receives information
– Conveys spatial information

A

receptive fields

146
Q

Retina

A

Primary visual cortex

Secondary visual cortex

147
Q

Cochlear Nuclei

A

Primary auditory cortex

148
Q

Vestibular Nuclei

A

Somatosensory cortex

149
Q

Spinal cord and brainstem

A

Somatosensory cortex

150
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Limbic structures, hypothalamus

151
Q

Medulla

A

Somatosensory cortex

152
Q

frequency of vibration, measured in cycles per second (Hertz, Hz)

A

Pitch

153
Q

function of intensity or the difference between the apex and nadir of the wave, measured in amplitude ( decibels, dB)

A

Loudness

154
Q

quality/complexity of a sound. Determines the nature of the particular sound. Allows us to distinguish an oboe from a flute playing the same note. Most natural stimuli are complex sounds

A

Timbre

155
Q

Sound is funneled via the pinna through the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A

External ear

156
Q

Hollow region that contains the ossicles (bones) which are

vibrated by the tympanic membrane

A

Middle ear

157
Q

Tympanic membrane connects with the malleus and

transmits vibrations via the incus and stapes to the cochlea

A

Middle ear

158
Q

Cochlea (land snail) part of inner ear and filled with fluid

A

Inner ear

159
Q

the receptive organ within the cochlea

A

Organ of Corti

160
Q

Auditory receptive cells

A

Hair cells

161
Q

Anchor for hair cells

A

Basilar membrane

162
Q

where cilia of hair cells connect here, and is rigid

A

Tectorial membrane

163
Q

Moderate to high frequency

detected by

A

Place coding

164
Q

Low frequency detected by

A

Rate coding

OT 515 Neuroscience (4 decks)

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