Stress and Mood Disorders

Question 1

Autonomic nervous system

Question 2

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 3

Parasympathethic nervous system

Question 4

Adrenalin = Epinephrin

Question 5

Noradrenalin = Norepinephrin

Question 6

Adrenal Medulla

Question 7

Catecholamines

Question 8

Paraventricular Nucleus

Question 9

Glucocorticoids

Question 10

Adrenal cortex

Question 11

Corticotropin Releasing Factor (CRF)

Question 12

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Question 13

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 14

Amygdala

Question 15

Central Nucleus of the amygdala

Question 16

Medial Nucleus of the amygdala

Question 17

Subgenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Question 18

Glucocorticoid receptors (GR)

Question 19

Anterior Hippocampus

Question 20

Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR)

Question 21

Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Question 22

Major Depression

Answer 22

• Symptoms: depressed mood, change in appetite, sleeping problems, lethargy, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness
• Has to be persistent and debilitating, and not easily explained by outside factors
• Twice as common in women as in men (could be biological, societal factors)

Question 23

Reserpine

Answer 23

• Mono-Amine antagonist
• Induces depression

Question 24

5-HIAA (5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid)

Answer 24

• Lower levels in the Cerebrospinal Fluid in depressed people
• A breakdown of serotonin
• An indication of how much serotonin was around; Lower levels of this would signify lower levels of serotonin was present

Question 25

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 26

Tryptophan

Answer 26

• An amino acid that our body cannot make; We need to get it from our food
• We need to have this in order to be able to make serotonin (a precursor for serotonin)
• Tryptophan depletion triggers symptoms of depression (but only for people who have previously recovered from/area recovering from depression)

Question 27

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 27

• medication; usually ingested (pills)
• all very lipophilic
• different pharmacokinetics for different drugs: fluoxetine (prozac), fluvoxamine (faverin), citalopram (cipramil)
• SSRIs only work after several weeks (first 2 weeks: adaptation of auto-receptors)

Question 28

Selective Noradrenaline Reuptake
Inhibitors

Question 29

Auto-receptors

Question 30

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis

Question 31

Dentate Gyrus

Question 32

Ketamine

Answer 32

• Dissociative anaesthetic and analgesic
• Taken through different routes:
  
  • Snorted as a powder; In pills; Injected IV (incl. clinical use)
• Initial biological half-life: 10-15 minutes (overall on average about 45 minutes)

Question 33

Psychedelics

Answer 33

• Large range of psychedelic drugs; They’re drugs that come in many natural products and a synthetic one
• Lead to “transcendental” experiences, often religion-like – a form of psychosis

Ex of natural psychedelics: Psilocybin from certain mushrooms, Mescaline from ertain cacti, Ayahuasca from a liana, Lysergic acid from egot, a grain fungus

Ex of synthetic psychedelics: LSD

Question 34

5-HT2A receptor

Question 35

Default-mode network

Question 36

Deep-brain stimulation (DBS)

Question 37

Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 38

Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS)

Question 39

Anxiety Disorder

Question 40

Benzodiazepines

Question 41

Orbitofrontal cortex

Question 42

Insula