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PSY2007 > Sex Differences > Flashcards

Sex Differences Flashcards

1
Q

Sex vs Gender

A

Sex
- biological aspects

Gender
- cultural aspects

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2
Q

Sex Chromosome

A

Among the 23 pairs of chromosomes that we have, one pair is the sex chromosome which denotes XX for female and XY for male

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3
Q

Sex-linked Characters

A

Characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes (X chromosomes)

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4
Q

Androgen

A
  • A hormone produced by an early embryonic testis (along with anti-mullerian hormone; without them, female sex organs develop)
  • Masculinising
  • A category of hormones (one of them is testosterone)
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5
Q

Estrogen/Oestrogen

A
  • One of the main female sex hormones (crucial for puberty, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, bone strength, etc.)
  • Helps the female reproductive organs (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus/womb, vagina) to grow and mature
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6
Q

Testosterone

A
  • The primary male hormone
  • Responsible for regulating sex differentiation, producing male sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, and fertility
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7
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A
  • An androgen/hormone that is responsible for turning external genitalia into the male developmental pattern
  • keluarnya dari testis
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8
Q

Androstenedione

A
  • A precursor to testosterone
  • The body turns andro into the hormone testosterone and a form of estrogen
  • High levels of this can lead to PCOS in women
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9
Q

Anti-müllerian hormone

A
  • A hormone produced by an early embryonic testis (along with androgens; without them, female sex organs would develop)
  • Defeminising
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10
Q

Defeminisation

A
  • literally, it means reducing/eliminating female-typical qualities in an individual
  • in the context of anti-mullerian hormone, this means the inhibition of female sex organ development
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11
Q

Masculinisation

A
  • literally, it means increasing the male-typical characteristics of an individual
  • in the context of androgens, it promotes development of male sex organs
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12
Q

Müllerian system

A
  • Precursor of female organs
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13
Q

Wolffian system

A
  • Precursor of male organs
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14
Q

Differentiation

A
  • The development of the phenotypic features of sex, namely the development of the internal and external male or female structures
  • This hormone-driven process depends on the presence or absence of Anti-Mullerian hormone or androgenic sex steroids
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15
Q

Gonad

A
  • Gonad refers to a sex gland or a reproductive gland that produces the gametes and sex hormones of an organism
  • TESTIS-DETERMINING FACTOR: The SRY gene (located on the Y-chromosome) is what turns the fetal gonad into a testis (2 testes)
  • In the absence of this SRY gene, the gonad becomes an ovary
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16
Q

Preoptic area of the Hypothalamus

A
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17
Q

Kisspeptin

A
  • Activation of this neuron marks the ‘start’ of puberty
  • Improves sexual and attraction brain activity in key brain areas in women
  • Involved in utero sexual development and determine t he onset of puberty
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18
Q

Organisational effects of hormones

A
  • Effect remains after the hormone has been removed
  • Often occurs during a sensitive period
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19
Q

Activational effects of hormones

A
  • Effect is reversible
  • The effect is only there when the hormone is present
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20
Q

Pituitary gland (anterior and posterior pituitary gland)

A
  • Anterior: release of LH and FSH and ACTH (controlled by the hypothalamus)
  • Posterior: store and release oxytocin and vasopressin (controlled by hypothalamus)
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21
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Male: Sperm production
Female: Cause follicles to ripen

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22
Q

Luteinising Hormone (LH)

A

Male: Testosterone production
Female: Induce ovulation and formation of Corpus Luteum

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23
Q

Vasopressin

A
  • A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus
  • Role in the control of the body’s osmotic balance, blood pressure regulation, sodium homeostasis, and kidney functioning
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24
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • A natural hormone that manages key aspects of the female and male reproductive systems
  • Made by the hypothalamus; Stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland
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25
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

A
  • This hormone makes the sex hormones – testosterone, estrogen and progesterone
  • Controls the production of LH and FSH
  • Released from the hypothalamus
26
Q

Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal axis

A
  • A negative feedback loop
  • Keeps the levels within a fixed range for regulation of gonadal hormones
27
Q

Estradiol (Oestradiol)

A
  • Female hormone
  • Mature and maintain the reproductive system
  • During mens cycle, it causes maturation and release of the egg as well as the thickening of the uterus lining to allow a fertilised egg to implant
28
Q

Progesterone

A
  • An endogenous steroid hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex and gonads (ovaries and testes)
  • Prepares the endometrium (uterus lining) for a fertilised egg to implant and grow
  • Secreted by the ovarian corpus luteum during the first ten weeks of pregnancy
29
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Cell division
  • Reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells
  • Produces egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction
30
Q

Haploid

A

A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

31
Q

Diploid

A

-A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes
- 23 pairs

32
Q

Aneuploidy

A

The condition of having an abnormal number of chromosomes in a haploid set

33
Q

Monosomy

A

The absence of one member of a pair of chromosomes

34
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes

35
Q

Turner’s Syndrome (XO)

A
  • Only in females
  • Results when one of the X chromosomes is missing or partially missing
  • Can cause a variety of medical/dev problems, e.g. short height, failure in ovary development, heart defects
36
Q

Pseudo-autosomal regions

A
  • Blocks of sequence identity between the mammalian sex chromosomes
  • These regions of the human X and Y chromosomes pair and recombine during meiosis
37
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A
  • A condition where boys and men are born with an extra X chromosome
  • Male internal and external genitalia (but small testes); Some female secondary sexual characteristics
  • Puts males at greater risk of breast cancer, some other cancers, and other diseases
38
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A
  • Typically characterised by evidence of feminisation of the external genitalia at birth
  • A person with CAIS can appear to be female but have no uterus, no fallopian tubes or ovaries (no internal or external genitalia)
39
Q

5ɑ-reductase Deficiency

A
  • Turns testosterone into DHT
  • These children are born with female external genitalia but male internal genitalia
40
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A
  • High levels of prenatal testosterone in girls
  • Ambiguous external genitalia in girls (Some were identified as male at birth)
41
Q

Spatial Mental Rotation Task

A
42
Q

Gynophile

A

An individual who is attracted to women

43
Q

Androphile

A

An individual who is attracted to men

44
Q

INAH-3

A
  • A part in the brain’s hypothalamus (2.8x larger in males)
  • Involved in directing typical male sex behaviour, such as attraction to females
45
Q

Anterior Commissure

A
  • A collection of nerve fibres that cross the midline of the spinal cord and transmit information from or to the contralateral side of the brain
  • Connects the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain concerned with olfactory pathway
46
Q

Interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH)

A
  • 4 previously undescribed cell groups of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area of the human brain
47
Q

2D/4D ratio

A
48
Q

Oto-acoustic emissions

A
  • When stimulated with a click, ears make a sound back
  • Sounds generated from the cochlea transmitted across the middle ear to the external ear canal
  • A marker for inner ear health and a simple way to screen for hearing loss
49
Q

Monozygotic twins

A
  • The egg divides into 2, creating identical twins who share the same genes
50
Q

Dizygotic twins

A
  • Two separate eggs are fertilised by two separate sperm, resulting in fraternal or dizygotic (two-cell) twins
51
Q

Concordance

A
52
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A
  • The relative fitness of heterozygotes is higher than the relative fitness of either type of homozygotes
53
Q

Kin selection

A
  • Occurs when an animal engages in self-sacrificial behaviour that benefits genetic fitness of its relatives
54
Q

Fraternal birth order effect

A

FBOE describes the phenomenon that homosexual men tend to have greater number of older brothers than do heterosexual men

55
Q

Maternal immunization hypothesis

A

Anti-H-Y antibodies produced by the mother pass through the placental barrier to the fetus and affect aspects of sexual differentiation in the fetal brain

56
Q

Gender identity

A
  • A person’s internal sense of being male, female, etc.
  • Different from gender expression which refers to the way they communicate gender identity to others through behaviour, clothing, voice, etc.
57
Q

Gender dysphoria

A

The feeling of discomfort or stress that might occur in people whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth or sex-related physical characteristics

58
Q

FtM trans

A

Female to Male

59
Q

MtF trans

A

Male to Female

60
Q

What is the sequence for DNA to protein?

A

DNA - transcription - RNA - translation - protein

61
Q

Neurotransmitters vs Hormones

A

Neurotransmitters
- From one neuron to the next
- Local action (nm)
- Effects can be activation or inhibition, depending on the transmitter/receptor combination

Hormones
- Released from an endocrine cell into the bloodstream
- Global action
- Effects can be varied, depending on the hormone/receptor combination

PSY2007 (8 decks)

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