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PSY2007 > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Polysomnogram

A

Multiple features/dimensions to records of sleep in studying sleep behaviour

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2
Q

Electro-Encephalogram (EEG)

A
  • Records electrical activity in the brain
  • Many surface electrodes
  • Signals are a summation of the activity of the population of neurons close to the electrode
  • Synchronised acticity: large deflections. Unsynch: averages out
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3
Q

Electro-Oculogram (EOG)

A
  • Measuring the movement of the eyes
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4
Q

Electro-Myogram (EMG)

A

Observes muscle tension

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5
Q

Electro-Cardiogram (EKG)

A

Record the electrical signals in the heart

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6
Q

Hertz

A

1 cycle/second
- how we measure the frequency of cycle for an occurrence
- you don’t necessarily measure them, you classify them in the groups following

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7
Q

Delta-waves

A

< 4Hz

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8
Q

Theta-waves

A

3.5-7.5 Hz

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9
Q

Alpha-waves

A

8-113 Hz

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10
Q

Beta-waves

A

13-30 Hz

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11
Q

Sleep Spindles

A

Bursts of neural oscillatory activity

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12
Q

K-Complexes

A
  • Single big deflection seen in EEG recording
  • indicator of Stage 2 sleep
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13
Q

Slow Wave Sleep

A
  • Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep
  • Delta waves; St3 is < 50% and St4 is > 50%
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14
Q

REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movements)

A
  • Brain is very active (theta and beta activity)
  • Rapid Eye Movements
  • Loss of muscle tone: paralysis
  • Usually after 45 mins of SWS
  • Penile erection/vaginal secretion
  • Clear, narrative dreams
    Pontine-Geniculate-Occipital (PGO) waves; confirmed in animals
  • aka Paradoxical Sleep
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15
Q

Paradoxical sleep

A
  • Theta and beta waves apparent during REM sleep which is usually indicators of wakefulness
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16
Q

Sleep deprivation

A
  • Compensate by more sleep later (mostly SWS and REM sleep)
  • No effect on ability to exercise
  • Clear effect on concentration and cognitive abilities
  • Clear effect on emotional control
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17
Q

Contralateral Primary Somatosensory
Cortex

A

Early cerebral hemisphere of the primary somatosensory cortex only contains a tactile representation of the opposite (contralateral) side of the body

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18
Q

Memory Consolidation

A
  • The brain needs to perform two mutually-exclusive functions:
    1. Be aware of its environment at all times
    2. Store memories for the longer term
  • The theoretical reason is that for proper long-term memory consolidation, you really ideally need the brain circuits to repeat the memory
  • Needs this repetition by the brain to reinforce the connections associated with it
  • One hypothesis on why we need to sleep is to turn off external inputs to allow the brain to process the memories
  • REM Sleep: Consolidation of procedural memories and/or emotional memories
  • SWS: Consolidation of explicit memories (hippocampus-dependent)
  • The dichotomy is NOT absolute
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19
Q

REM Sleep Rebound Phenomenon

A
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20
Q

Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

A
  • External stimuli
  • Internal stimuli (recent experiences, memories)
  • Brain synthesises a “story”
  • Dreaming as a side effect of how the brain needs to process information during REM sleep
  • Mechanistic, not functional explanation
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21
Q

Inferior Frontal Cortex

A
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22
Q

Brain Stem: Medulla

A
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23
Q

Brain Stem: Pons

A
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24
Q

Brain Stem: Midbrain

A
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25
Q

Forebrain: Cerebral Hemispheres

A
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26
Q

Forebrain: Thalamus

A
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27
Q

Forebrain: Hypothalamus

A
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28
Q

Telencephalon

A
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29
Q

Diencephalon

A
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30
Q

Mesencephalon

A
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31
Q

Metencephalon

A
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32
Q

Myelencephalon

A
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33
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A
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34
Q

Inferior Frontal Cortex

A
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35
Q

Arousal

A
  • Mechanisms of arousal involve Reticular Activating System
36
Q

Brainstem Reticular Formation

A

A group of dozens of nuclei running through medulla, pons and tegmentum

37
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A
  • The system involved in keeping us alert and awake
  • Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine, Noradrenaline, Serotonin, Histamine, Hypocretin
38
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Two groups of acetylcholine neurons:
    1. One group in the Reticular Activating System in the Pons (Metencephalon)
  • One group in the Basal Forebrain (Telencephalon)
39
Q

Serotonin

A
  • Mechanisms of arousal
  • From Raphe Nuclei (RAS in Pons and Medulla)
  • Influenced locomotion and cortical arousal, but not sensitive to external sitmuli
40
Q

Noradrenaline

A
  • Mechanisms of arousal
  • From Loecus Coeruleus (in RAS in Pons)
  • Related to vigilance,induced by external sitmuli
41
Q

Histamine

A
  • Mechanisms of arousal
  • In the Tuberomammilary Nucleus (in the Hypothalamus)
  • High during waking, low during sleep
  • Anti-histamines put you to sleep
42
Q

Basal Forebrain (in the Telencephalon)

43
Q

Locus Coeruleus (in the Pons)

A
  • literally means blue place
  • related to vigilance, induced by external stimuli
  • small structure in the brain but it has lots and lots of axons that cover most of the rest of the brain and releases noradrenaline
44
Q

Vigilance

A

Alertness influenced by external stimuli

45
Q

Raphe Nuclei

A
  • RAS in Pons and Medulla
  • Serotonin
  • Influences locomotion and cortical arousal, but not sensitive to external stimuli
  • Internally driven in alertness
46
Q

Tuberomammillary Nucleus

47
Q

Hypocretin (= Orexin)

A
  • In the lateral hypothalamus
  • Has excitatory (hypocretinergic) connections to various different brain areas
  • Active during active waking and exploration
48
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

49
Q

Flip-flop System

A

Influenced by:
- Homeostatic control (maintaining your working system; brain recovery)
- Allostatic control (override in case of danger)
- Circadian control (controls sleep relative to the day-night cycle)

50
Q

Ventrolateral Preoptic Area (vIPOA)

A
  • Mechanisms of Sleep Induction
  • in hypothalamus
  • controls the switch from wakefulness to sleep
  • connects through GAGA-ergic (inhibitory) synapses to all the areas involved in alertness
  • receives inhibitory input from most of these same brain areas
  • if this is active, we are asleep
51
Q

GABA-ergic (inhibitory) neurons

52
Q

Homeostatic control

A
  • Adenosine
  • Increased levels of adenosine cause more delta-activity during Slow Wave Sleep
  • Adenosine has inhibitory effects on neurons
53
Q

Astrocytes (type of glia)

54
Q

Glycogen

55
Q

Adenosine

A
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Made by astrocytes which use up their glycogen stores
  • Inhibitory effects on neurons (a hyperpolarised membrane to make it less likely to fire action potentials)
56
Q

Adenosine deaminase

A
  • Breaks down adenosine
  • This enzym exists in at least 2 versions (based on different alleles for the gene)
  • The G/A genotype works more slowly than G/G genotype
  • G/A people need about 30 min more SWS
57
Q

Allostatic control

A
  • Over-ride in case of danger
  • Being hungry or stressed keeps us awake
58
Q

Ghrelin

A

A hormone signalling an empty stomach; Stimulates hypocretinergic neurons

59
Q

Leptin

A

A hormone signalling full fat reserves and glucose; Inhibits hypocretinergic neurons; Suppresses appetite

60
Q

Circadian control

A
  • Controls sleep relative to the day-night cycle
  • SCN excites the Ventral Subparaventricular zone (vSPZ) through synapses and chemical signals
    vPSZ excites the Dorsomedial nucleus of the Hypothalamus (DMH)
  • DMH: inhibits VLPOA and excite the lateral hyp. (hypocretinergic)
    Circadian control of sleep/wake cycles
61
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

Endogenous Clock; in the hypothalamus; Sets the Circadian rhythm clock

62
Q

Encapsulated Transplants

63
Q

Period genes

64
Q

Cryptochromes

65
Q

Clock gene

66
Q

Bmal1 (Brain and Muscle ARNT-like 1)

67
Q

Heterodimer

68
Q

Transcription Factor

69
Q

Positive feedback

70
Q

Negative feedback

71
Q

Ventral Subparaventricular Zone (vSPZ)

72
Q

Sublaterodorsal Nucleus

A
  • Involved in the second flip-flop system to initiate REM sleep
  • in dorsal pons (REM ON)
  • Mutual inhibition between this and Ventrolateral Peri-aqueductal Gray Matter (vIPAG)
73
Q

Ventrolateral Peri-aqueductal grey matter

A
  • Involved in the second flip-flop system to initiate REM sleep
  • in midbrain (REM OFF)
  • Mutual inhibition between this and Sublaterodorsal Nucleus (SLD)
74
Q

Pontine-Geniculate-Occipital Waves (PGO
waves)

75
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (in Thalamus)

A
  • what leads to the PGO waves
76
Q

Tectum (mesencephalon)

77
Q

Sub-coerulear Nucleus (in the Pons)

78
Q

Magnocellular Nucleus (in medial Medulla)

A

Muscle Paralysis

79
Q

Insomnia

80
Q

Sleep Apnea

81
Q

Narcolepsy

82
Q

Cataplexy

83
Q

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

84
Q

REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder

85
Q

Dreams

A
  • Everybody dreams during REM sleep (but also some during non-REM stage)
  • Dreams are easily forgotten
  • Eye movements may be related to scanning visual scenes in dreams
  • SWS is sometimes accompanied by night terrors, but not narrative dreams

PSY2007 (8 decks)

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