Stress

Question 1

Cognitive vulnerability

Answer 1

A cognitive vulnerability in cognitive psychology is an erroneous belief, cognitive bias, or pattern of thought that predisposes an individual to psychological problems. The vulnerability exists before the symptoms of a psychological disorder appear.

Question 2

personal fable

Answer 2

According to Alberts, Elkind, and Ginsberg the personal fable “is the corollary to the imaginary audience. Thinking of himself or herself as the center of attention, the adolescent comes to believe that it is because he or she is special and unique

Question 3

Invulnerabilty

Answer 3

According to David Elkind (1967), an adolescent’s intense focus on himself or herself as the center of attention is what ultimately gives rise to the belief that one is completely unique, and in turn, this may give rise to feelings of invulnerability.

Question 4

Formal operational stage

Answer 4

• adolescence and into adulthood, roughly ages 11 to approximately 15–20
• at this point, the person is capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning
• Piaget

Question 5

‘Type A personality’

Answer 5

Friedman and Rosenman
Competitive
Hostile
Time urgency

Question 6

Defense mechanisms

Answer 6

1. Denial
2. Regression
3. Acting out
4. Dissociation
5. Compartmentalization
6. Projection
7. Reaction formation- acting out completely differently to you feel

Question 7

Coping mechanisms

Answer 7

Adaptive Mechanisms: That offer positive help.
Attack Mechanisms: That push discomfort onto others.
Avoidance Mechanisms: That avoid the issue.
Behavioral Mechanisms: That change what we do.
Cognitive Mechanisms: That change what we think.
Conversion Mechanisms: That change one thing into another.
Defense Mechanisms: Freud’s original set.
Self-harm Mechanisms: That hurt our selves.

Question 8

Locus of control

Answer 8

A person with an internal locus of control believes that he or she can influence events and their outcomes, while someone with an external locus of control blames outside forces for everything.
-This concept was brought to light in the 1950’s by Julian Rotter.

Question 9

Learned helplessness

Answer 9

• occurs when an animal is repeatedly subjected to an aversive stimulus that it cannot escape.
• Eventually, the animal will stop trying to avoid the stimulus and behave as if it is utterly helpless to change the situation.
• Even when opportunities to escape are presented, this learned helplessness will prevent any action.
• Martin Seligman and Steven F. Maier

Question 10

Learned resourcefulness

Answer 10

Rosenbaum proposed that adaptive functioning is influenced by learned resourcefulness, while learned resourcefulness is associated with the process regulating cognitions
-refers to an acquired repertoire of behaviours and skills by which a person self-regulates internal events

Question 11

Resilience

Answer 11

Psychological resilience is defined as an individual’s ability to successfully cope with adversity.
Psychological resilience is defined as an individual’s ability to successfully cope with adversity.
Resilience is the result of successfully coping with distress, rather than a personality trait. It is a process of individuation through a structured system with gradual discovery of personal and unique abilities.