Awareness states

Question 1

Topographical model of the mind

Answer 1

• Freud
• Conscious mind
• Pre-conscious mind
• unconscious mind

Question 2

Conscious mind

Answer 2

• Freud

- consists of all the mental processes of which we are aware

Question 3

Pre-conscious mind

Answer 3

• Freud
• contains thoughts and feelings that a person is not currently aware of, but which can easily be brought to consciousness
• recall of things

Question 4

Unconcious mind

Answer 4

• Freud
• mental processes that are inaccessible to consciousness but that influence judgements, feelings, or behavior
• primary source of behaviour
• Our feelings, motives and decisions are actually powerfully influenced by our past experiences, and stored in the unconscious.

Question 5

Psychoanalytic theory of personality

Answer 5

• Freud

- Id, Ego, Superego

Question 6

Id

Answer 6

• The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth.
• This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes the instinctive and primitive behaviors.
• According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality.

Question 7

Id and pleasure principle

Answer 7

• The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs.
• If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension.

Question 8

Ego

Answer 8

The ego is the component of personality that is responsible for dealing with reality.

• the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world.
• The ego functions in both the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.
• The ego operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id’s desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways

Question 9

Ego and the reality principle

Answer 9

• The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses.
• In many cases, the id’s impulses can be satisfied through a process of delayed gratification—the ego will eventually allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and place.

Question 10

The Superego

Answer 10

• The superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society—our sense of right and wrong.
• The superego provides guidelines for making judgments.
• According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age five.

Question 11

Two parts of the superego

Answer 11

1. The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviors. These behaviors include those which are approved of by parental and other authority figures. Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value, and accomplishment.
2. The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments, or feelings of guilt and remorse.

Question 12

Arousal

Answer 12

• the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to a point of perception.
• It involves activation of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) in the brain, the autonomic nervous system, and the endocrine system
• leads to increased heart rate and blood pressure and a condition of sensory alertness, mobility, and readiness to respond.

Question 13

Attention

Answer 13

• refers to how we actively process specific information in our environment
• defined by William James

Question 14

Vigilance

Answer 14

• an ability to sustain attention to a task for a period of time (Davies and Parasuraman

Question 15

Sleep–wake systems

Answer 15

• the hypothalamus (tuberomamillary histaminergic projections and preoptic nuclei);
• the serotonin projection system from the raphe nuclei; the norepinephrine projection system from the locus coeruleus;
• the cholinergic system including both thalamic projections from the midbrain and cortical projections from basal forebrain regions
• several thalamic nuclei.

Question 16

Cataplexy

Answer 16

Cataplexy is associated with conscious wakefulness but atonia related to partial intrusions of REM sleep

Question 17

Catatonia

Answer 17

In catatonia there is intact wakefulness but a significantly reduced ability to interact with the environment

Question 18

Fatal familial insomnia

Answer 18

Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) associated with thalamic pathology produces marked decreases in total sleep and REM time with the awake state characterized by increased slowing, decreased alpha and deficits in attention and vigilance

Question 19

Dreams

Answer 19

A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep
Dreams mainly occur in the rapid-eye movement (REM) stage of sleep—when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake.

Question 20

Sleep structure

Answer 20

Sleep occurs in repeating periods, in which the body alternates between two distinct modes: REM sleep and non-REM sleep.

Question 21

Somnambulism

Answer 21

Sleep walking

Question 22

Rhythmic movement disorder

Answer 22

A neurological disorder characterized by involuntary (however may sometimes be voluntary), repetitive movements of large muscle groups immediately before and during sleep often involving the head and neck. Children usually grow out of it

Question 23

Narcolepsy

Answer 23

• unknown etiology
• excessive sleepiness
• associated with cataplexy and other REM sleep phenomena, such as sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations.
• A history of cataplexy is a characteristic and unique feature of narcolepsy.

Sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, automatic behaviour, and nocturnal sleep disruption commonly occur in patients with narcolepsy. Both sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations almost always correspond with sleep-onset REM periods.

Narcolepsy most commonly begins in the second decade, with a peak incidence around 14 years of age.

Question 24

Cataplexy

Answer 24

• characterized by sudden loss of bilateral muscle tone provoked by strong emotion.
• Consciousness remains clear, memory is not impaired, and respiration is intact.
• usually short duration, ranging from a few seconds to several minutes, and recovery is immediate and complete.
• Cataplexy is always precipitated by emotion that usually has a pleasant or exciting component, such as laughter, elation, pride, anger, or surprise.

-TCAs almost always ameliorates cataplexy.

Question 25

Periodic limb movement disorder

Answer 25

-characterised by periodic episodes of repetitive and highly stereotyped limb movements that occur during sleep.

Question 26

Restless legs syndrome

Answer 26

-characterised by disagreeable leg sensations that usually occur prior to sleep onset and that cause an almost irresistible urge to move the legs.

Risk factors for restless legs syndrome
Older age
Female sex
Pregnancy
Iron deficiency and anemia
Renal failure
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes
B12 deficiency

Question 27

Sleep terrors

Answer 27

-characterized by a sudden arousal from slow wave sleep with a piercing scream or cry, accompanied by autonomic and behavioural manifestations of intense fear.

Question 28

Sleep starts

Answer 28

Jumping as you fall off to sleep

Question 29

Biorhythm

Answer 29

• A biorhythm is an attempt to predict various aspects of a person’s life through simple mathematical cycles.
• The theory was developed by Wilhelm Fliess in the late 19th century, and was popularized in the United States in late 1970s