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AS Level Psychology > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

What did Walter Canon say stress was?

A

A fight or flight response

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2
Q

What happens during a fight or flight response

A 
Pupils dilate
Hairs stand on end 
Cardiovascular system accelerates 
Breathing speeds up
Fats and glucose metabolise = energy
Non essential systems shut down
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3
Q

What did Hans Seyle suggest the stress response was?

A

GAS model.

A- alarm
R- Resistance
E- exhaustion

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4
Q

Outline the three stages of the gas model

A

Alarm- response, release of adrenaline, noradrenaline and corticosteroids
Resistance- coping, may develop disease
Exhaustion- energy depletes and resistance collapses

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5
Q

What is the SAM response?

A

The immediate response to a stressor

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6
Q

Outline the SAM response

A

> The hypothalamus
which activates the ANS
which causes adrenal medulla
to release adrenaline and noradrenaline into the blood

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7
Q

What happens to the body during the SAM response

A 
Pupils dilate
Increase of O2 and glucose to brain and muscles
Increased <3 rate 
Deeper respiration 
Digestion suppressed
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8
Q

What is the HPA response

A

The long term response to a stressor

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9
Q

What does SAM stand for

A

Sympathetic adrenal medullary axis

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10
Q

What does ANS stand for

A

Automatic nervous system

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11
Q

What does HPA stand for

A

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

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12
Q

Outline the HPA response

A 
> hypothalamus activated
> which activates the pituitary glands
> which release ACTH
> which acts on the adrenal cortex
> which releases glucocorticoids , cortisol and glucose
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13
Q

What happens to the body during the HPA response

A

Immune system suppressed
Decreases pain sensitivity
Decreased immune response
Increased blood pressure

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14
Q

What is stress?

A

> response to something in environment
stimulus to stressor in environment
lack of for between perceived ability and reality

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15
Q

What are the two types of stress

A

Distress and eu stress

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16
Q

How can stress effect your health

A 
Cardiovascular disease
Immune disease
Asthma
Diabetes
Digestive disorders
Ulcers
Skin 
Headaches and migraines
Depression
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17
Q

Evaluate the GAS model

A

> influential, scientific , evidence to support,
ignore individual differences, different stressors have different effects, low ecological validity , evidence mainly from rats

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18
Q

What are the two branches of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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19
Q

What are the two branches of the peripheral nervous systems

A

ANS and somatic nervous system

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20
Q

What are the two branches of the ANS

A

Sympathetic (SAM) and parasympathetic ( counteracts SAM)

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21
Q

Who developed the transactional model of stress

A

Cox and Mackay 1978

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22
Q

What what’s can stress cause illness

A

Directly - biological effects eg hormones

Indirectly- maladaptive coping eg alcohol

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23
Q

What is the immune system

A

Our main defence against infection by foreign agents (pathogens) which contains white blood cells that seek the infection and suppress it

24
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

T and B cells in out adaptive immune system

25
Q

What are phagocytes

A

Macrophages and Nk cells in our innate immune system

26
Q

How can the immune system be reduced by stress

A

Diversion of energy resources
Hormones
Maladaptive coping
Become under (let things in) or over vigilant ( turn in itself)

27
Q

Kiecolt-Glaser et al 1984

A

Natural experiment using 75 participants. Blood taken 1 month before exams and during. And questionnaires completed. T cell and NK cells reduced during exams. Even more so in those reporting high life events and loneliness

28
Q

Marucha et al 1998

A

Punch biopsy in mouths of students in summer and exam periods.
Wounds took 40% longer to heal in exam period

29
Q

Fischer et al 1972

A

High lymphocyte counts in Apollo astronauts during stress splashdown

30
Q

Cohen 2005

A

Couples in conflict lasting more than a month more countable to infections

Supported: Kiecolt-glaser found blisters healed slower on arms in this time

31
Q

Segerstorm and Miller 2004

A

Meta analysis of 293 studies over past 30 years and found S-T stressors can boost immune system
L-T stressor can suppress immune system and the longer the stress the more detrimental changes

32
Q

What did Lazarus say? And why?

A

Relationship between stress and illness is hard to establish because:
Health is affected by a lot of factors (genetic disposition)
Health is fairly stable and hard to change

33
Q

Cohen et al 1993

A

Natural experiment on 394 participants who competed questionnaires in life events scores put into stress index. Participants exposed to common cold virus.
82% became infected and increased chance correlated with the stress index scores

34
Q

Evaluate Cohen et al 1993

A

X- ethical? Questionnaires= demand characteristics and social desirability bias , extraneous variables- strong or weak immune system.

35
Q

What is a life change

A

An event in life requiring a major change and a degree of psychological adjustment.

36
Q

What did Holmes and Rahe create and what is it

A

Social readjustment rating scale and is a way of measuring life changes

37
Q

What experiment was conducted to create the SRRS

A

43 life events taken from 5000 patient record.

400 participants scored life events with a baseline of 50 for marriage and an average was produced and given life change units. 150+ increases chance of stress related illnesses by 30% and 300+ by 50%

38
Q

Rahe et al 1970

A

2700 men on 3 navy ships completed questionnaire before tour on life events in past 6 months. Higher LCS linked to higher incidence of illness (+.118)

39
Q

Stone et Al 1987

A

married couples completed daily checklists over 3 months. undesirable events increased 3-4 days prior to illness.

40
Q

evaluate the strengths of the SRRS

A

> correlational support

> Heikennen and Lonngvist- 219 victims in Finland before suicide and found significant life changes

41
Q

evaluate the weaknesses of the SRRS

A

> individual differences
positive and negative life changes
reliability of self report? social desirability and demand characteristics
memory
not all events effect health
dated?
LIFE CHANGES ARE RARE and do not happen to everyone’
Brown - sick people will claim LE to justify their illness

42
Q

what are daily hassles

A

relatively minor events that arise over the day.

43
Q

Kanner et Al 1981

A

100 adults completed questionnaires asking them to choose a hassle they had experienced from a list of 117 and repeated 9 months later.
certain hassles occurred more regularly and those with high scores are more likely to have psychological effects. concluding that daily hassles are linked to stress and health

44
Q

evaluate Kanner et Al 1981

A

> cannot assume cause

> Questionnaire problems

45
Q

DeLongis 1988

A

studied 75 married couples found no relation between life changes and health but +0.59 between daily hassles and health.

46
Q

Flett et Al 1995

A

320 students read a scenario on a major life events or DH and rated the social support the person would need. Life Events scored more.
major life events may differ from DH in the way that people may seek social support for DH.

47
Q

What did Lazarus 1990 state

A

that Life Changes are rare and do not happen to all of us.so DH are a more significant source of stress

48
Q

Gervais 2005

A

nurses asked to keep diaries for 1 month recording hassles and uplifts. results showed nurses felt uplifts usually counteract the negative effects of DH.
HOWEVER- diaries are hard to analyse and social desirability bias occours

49
Q

explain the DH and health link

A

1) Daily Hassles accumulate

2) DH arise from pre-existing chronic stressors and amplify its effects

50
Q

evaluate research into DH

A

data is correlational- we cannot assume causality

retrospective reports- rely on memory and honesty

51
Q

Friedman + Rosenman 1974

A

3000 39-59yr olds Am Males put into type A B and X using interviews + observations
> 8 year later 25% had CHD of which 70% were A

52
Q

Kobassa

A

hardy people are less likely to have stress related illness

53
Q

type A

A

competitive, rushed, impatient, hostile

54
Q

type B

A

relaxed, patient, expressed feelings

55
Q

what areas do work place stress arise from

A 
physical environment
work pressure
relationships
role ambiguity
control
56
Q

marmot et al 1997

A

7000 civil servants aged 33-55 over 5 years.
> Q’naire at beginning and health check for CHD
> those who felt less in control and pps on lowest pay grade 4x more likely to die of CHD

57
Q

stress on gender

A

Taylor et AL- women are calmer in stress due to hormones- they seek support

AS Level Psychology (6 decks)

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