Social Psychology Flashcards
Outline Cruthchfeilds experiment and results
Conformity in private
Range of participants- men women army officers
Participants day alone on cubicles questions projected on screen and incorrect answer appeared
Personality test
Found same levels of conformity as Asch’s, personality test revealed higher levels of conformity if “intellectually less effective” submissive inhibited with a inferiority complex
Outline Asch’s experiment and results
Lab Carried out 12 times 8 participants,1 participants per grp Match lines, all confederates gave wrong answer In control grp- 0.7% wrong Experimental grp- 75% wrong
Extensions to Asch
Perrin and spencer- 396 science and engineering students- only 1 case of conformity
Smith and bond- meta analysis- more conformity in collectivist society’s (Fiji and Japan)
Outline zimbardo
1973 Stanford uni. Divided class into guards and prisoners. Guards wore mirrored glasses and prisoners wore shackles and uniform. Arrested at home. Zimbardo was chief guard. Guards became increasingly aggressive and it was abandoned.
What is compliance
Going along with the majority even if we have different ideas because we want to appear normal, because being identified with the majority is desirable. We go along with the majority without analysing why the difference in ideas exist. this results in public compliance where there little private attitude change.
What is informational social influence
ISI is where you change your behaviour because you believe the group is right. You change both your public and private beliefs and internalise that of the group. This type of social influence usually results in a long-term change and remains even if the group is not present.
What are the real life implications of zimbardo
Abu Ghraib prison. Lyndie England
Outline sherif 1935
Lab experiment. Repeated measures design. Autokinetic effect.
1-Participants asked to estimate how far light moves. PERSONAL NORM
2- put in groups of 3, made estimates. GROUP NORM
3- retested and have group answer. INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE
When in group first norms appeared quicker
Jones et al 2000
Tennessee teacher complained of funny smell which made her feel ill. School evacuated as 80 students and 19 teachers became ill.
Extensive searches found nothing
Reicher and Haslam
Controlled filmed groups in mock prison. 15 make volunteers- 5 guards 10 prisoners. Daily test for depression and stress. After 3 days one would be chosen to become a guard. Guards felt uncomfortable rebellion on day 6 and agreed on democracy but former prisoners wanted stricter regime. Abandoned due to stress
What did zimbardo say cruel behaviour was
Situational not dispositional
Rotter
‘locus of control’. people with an internal locus of control believe that events are because of your own actions and external locus of control believe that events are brought about by luck, fate or the actions of others.
Milgram 1963
lab
> Yale Uni
> 40 male pps (paid)- social contract
> experimenter in lab coat- legitimate authority
> asked to shock student if gave wrong answer 15V-450V
>100%- 300V and 65%-450V
Milgrams extensions
Allies- 10%
Proximity to victim- 40%
proximity to authority- 23%
shabby office- 48%
evaluate milgram
> lab
ethically bad
paid- social contract
yale is prestigious
Milgrams agency theory
when we do what we are told we are in an agentic state, acting as someones agent not our selves in situations with an authority figure.
the agentic state is ‘the condition a person is in when he sees himself as as an agent carrying out anothers wishes’.
Milgram argues taht were shift between an agentic state and an autonomous state.
Sheridan and King 1972
milgrams but with real shock to real puppies/
>volunterers from undergraduate study
> pps told puppy was learning to distinguish between moving and steady light.
> 20/26 full voltage
> 6 that refused were male
moscivici et al 1969
192 women placed into groups of 6 ( 2 confederates)
> 36 blue slides shown
> control no conf.- 0.25%
> inconsistent- named 24 green- 1.25%
>consistent- all green- 8.4%
> consistency means minority will be heard
RLA of moscivici
suffragets
civil rights
gay rights
Tajfel and Turner 1979
social identity theory
1) social categorisation- define ourselves with a group
2) social identity- adopt the identity of the group
3) social comparison- compare other groups negatively.
Birkman
field experiment where passer-bys asked to pick up litter
> listened to researcher dressed as police rather than milkman
Gamson et Al 1982
>pps from newspaper > decieved and recorder on task > at end asked to sign consent form > 32/33 groups rebelled > 25 refused to sign > 9 threatened legal action > they saw each other as allies
Hofling
nurses telphoned by Dr.Smith and told to give 20mg of astrofen
>against rules to take orders off phone and double recommended dosage
> 95% complied
Zimbardo’s expansion on Milgram
pps wore own clothes and were treated individually or wore hood and addressed as group.
> average level of shock doubled if hood worn. DEINDIVIDUATION
Kohlman
> Heinz dilemma
moral development
low stage development say stealing is wrong, middle stage says both are wrong. Higher development say law is wrong.
higher development will not obey simply because they have to
what is conformity
conformity is a form of social influence in which the individual chooses the course of action that is favoured by the majority, or is considered socially acceptable. Conformity can be either compliance or internalisation.
what is internalisation?
going along with the majority because you have come to accept their point of view as your own. This is where the groups belief is accepted both publicly and privately, becoming consistent with your own value system.
what is normative social influence?
NSI is the reason someone conforms is because they want to be liked and accepted by the group. The person may publicly change their behaviours and views but privately disagree. This can linked most to conformity such as Aschs study (conforming to an obviously wrong answer)
