Developmental Psychology Flashcards
what was Schaffer and Emerson’s (1964) experiment
a longitudinal study of 60 babies in Glasgow, for a year. they showed that babies grow attachments to those who respond quicker, give them attention quicker and give them contact
what was Pavlov’s experiment
bell rang simultaneously with giving dog some food, eventually when bell is rang the dog salivates expecting food
Who is learning theory associated with
behaviourists
what is attachment
a close emotional relationship between infants and their care givers
It is a two way process which it characterised by clinging, proximity-seeking and protection
what two types of conditioning are there
classical and operant
what is learning theory
the theory that out behaviour is learned, babies are born as blank states and everything they become can be explained in terms of experiences they have.
According to learning theory we work on a principle of stimulus and response: e.g. food=pleasure therefore the person feeding is associated with pleasure which creates an attachment
All behaviour is learnt through either operant or classical conditioning
which psychologist is associated with classical conditioning
Pavlov
what is useful about classical conditioning theory
real life applications
practical value- opportunity and change human behaviour
what are the limitations of classical conditioning
reductionist- reduces humans to stimuli and response
overemphasises environmental determinism
what is classical conditioning
learning associations between different things in our environment, getting food naturally gives a baby pleasure, the baby’s desire is fulfilled whenever it is held by the caregiver so association is formed which causes an attachment
which psychologists are associated with operant conditioning
Dollard and Miller
what is operant conditioning
Learning occurs when we are rewarded for something as the action results in a pleasant consequence.
hungry babies are in discomfort and therefore have a drive to relieve this discomfort, the mother relieves this discomfort with food. The food become the primary reinforcer and the feeder the secondary.
therefore the mother is associated with food- this is called negative reinforcement
What did Konrad Lorenz (1952) discover
that geese imprint to the first moving thing they see, he calls this time the critical period
who proved learning theory to be incorrect
harry Harlow
what approach did Lorenz have
ethological
what approach did Bowlby have
evolutionary, we attach to survive
who did Bowlby influenced by
Lorenz
what did Bowlby’s theory suggest
that children are biologically pre-programmed, innate need to attach to survive
what does Bowlby suggest this one bond provide (2)
a safe base, giving the child confidence
a template for all future relationships
what is Bowlby’s idea of a critical period
mothering is useless if delayed until after 2-3 years, if this period is missed then it will cause irreversible long-term damage
what did Bowlby say would happen if the critical period was missed
it would cause irreversible, long-term damage
what is monotropy
an innate need to attach- child can form several attachments but only one main attachment
what does Bowlby suggest the primary attachment form
the foundation of self-esteem, and provides a working model for future relationships
what does Bowlby suggest the working model becomes
an internal working model (what to expect and how to behave in relationship)
according to Bowlby what does the internal working model lead to
the continuity hypothesis
what is the continuity hypothesis
the idea that those securely attached continue to be socially and emotionally competent
what does Bowlby say the long term consequences of maternal deprivation are
delinquency reduced intelligence aggression depression affectionless psychopathy
what is affectionless psychopathy
no guilt or care
who supports Bowlby
Harlow- we have evolved a need to survive Hodges and Tizard- critical period Tronick et al Scroufe et al Hazan and Shaver
what are the strengths of Bowlby’s theory
supports Lorenz
universibly applicable- tranick et al
continuity between early attachment and later social development- Scroufe at al
what study did Tronick et al (1992) do
studied African families in Ziare. showed that even those babies that are breastfed by other mothers show a primary attachment to one at 6 months
what study did Scroufe et al (2005) do
longitudinal study in Minnesota. followed babies from infancy to adolescence. found continuity between early attachment and later emotional security
what limitations are there to Bowlby’s theory
Rutter (1995) proposed multiple attachments
temperament?
what are the real life implications of Bowlby’s theory
undervalues father
pressure on women to stay at home
what is environmental determinism
our behaviour is a result of learning through interaction n our environment
what does retrospective mean
looking into the past
what does maladjusted mean
socially not right, don’t fit in’
what is privation
never forming a bond with a caregiver
what is deprivation
used to describe the loss of something that is needed or wanted
Bowlby’s 44 thieve experiment (1994)
88 participants aged 5-16
44 referred for stealing, 16 were classed as affectionless psychopathy
other 44 is maladjusted- control group
Bowlby interviewed children + family about early life experiences
86% of the thieves diagnosed with affectionless psychopathy experienced early separation form their mothers
only 17% of the other thieves experienced this
4% of the control group experienced this
link between early separation ad later maladjustment
maternal deprivation appears to lead to affectionless psychopathy
supports maternal deprivation hypothesis
PDD model
PROTEST - at seperation, crying panicking, calling out
DESPAIR- becomes withdrawn
DETACHMENT- more alert and interested, appears recovered but is damaged
Robertson and robertson
John
18 month old boy
in hospital care while mum had another baby
showed PDD model
after 9 days ran away from mum and reluctant to be affectionate
strengths and weaknessess of PDD
> separation should be avoided
>other factors not just PDD
Goldfarb 1943
orphanage
less intellecually and emotionally developed
Skeels and dye1939
children in institutional care did poor on IQ test
> some transferred to home for mentally retarded
> some stayed
> Grp 1- improved due to loving older children
> Grp2 - got worse
Genie
Curtiss
> extreme cruelty, strapped to chair for 13 years - hit if made noise
> underdev eloped and made only animal noises
> never recovered
Czech Twins
Koluchova
> mother died at birth so went to orphange then aunt and then to father and new stepmum
> locked in cellar, no toys, beaten
> rickets, no spontaneuos speech
> by 25 abouve average intellegence and social skills
> attach to each others?
Hodges and Tizard 1989
> longitudinal 65 kids
institution before 4 months until 2- no attatchment policy
26 still there
24- adopted
15- restored
all problems with peers, not caring (69%) and attention seeking
adopted had better family relationships
Quinton et al
50 women raised in institution were more likely to have kids in institutions compared to 50 not
Gardner 1972
children raised in institutioon were smaller ‘failure to thrive’
> case study- girl fed through tube for 8 months, withdrawn and hormone development was stunted
Bilfulco 1992
looked at 249 young women who lost mothers/ prolonged separation before 16 -> trigger-> twice as likely to suffer depression, panic attacks
Strange situation
> Ainsworth
12 month olds, 8 stages, 3 mins each -> focus on separation and reunion
secure - I trust you, distressed but comforted
Insecure avoidant- I don’t care, not distressed, comforted by anyone, avoids interaction
Insecure ambivalent- I don’t trust you, uneasy, upset, accept and reject interaction
Ainsworths other studies
Uganda- 2yrs, more sensitive mothers babies cried less
Baltimore- more secure babies is sensitive mothers
Taskahashi
Japanese babies insecure as never leave mothers side - 90% cried desperately
Grossman and Grossman
German babies insecure but independance is promoted
Von Izendoorn and Kroonemberg
meta analysis
32 studies
inter-cultural
same as ainsworth
Main and Soloman
babies behave diff, depending on parent
Day care studies
Eppe Nichd Belsky and rovine Shea Clark Stuart Melhuish High scope Perry pre school project
RLA of day care studies
> adoption as early as possible > better training > better ratio > hospital visiting times > cycle of disadvantage > better qualifications > soho family center
EPPE
3000 locations in europe 3-7 years improved but not gone disadvantaged better help overcome disadvantage
NICHD
America
100 places
5 years
those in day care more likely to show behavioral problems
Shea
3-4 year old in 1st 10 weeks rough and tumbel play, agression, distance from nearest the person and teacher and interaction frequency R+T increased A decreased DFT increased DFP decreased IF increased
Belsky and Rovine
2 groups 1] no day care 2] 20 hrs pw before 1st b-day SS i-v/ i-a
Clarke Stuart
1] 18mnth -30 or 10 pw- ss- same attatchment
2] 150, 2-3yrolds- VSB- +peer relationships- cooperate, negotiate, share
Melhuish
childrens whose carers constantly change show more problems
High scope perry pre school project
Schwinehart et al high-quality educaation to 3-4yrold Af-Ams >lower delinquency > lower criminal record > less benefits
Baker et al
Quebec
Introduced universal daycare. Attendance increased 14%
Aggression increased 23% as did hostile parents and dissatisfaction of spouses
