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AS Level Psychology > Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what was Schaffer and Emerson’s (1964) experiment

A

a longitudinal study of 60 babies in Glasgow, for a year. they showed that babies grow attachments to those who respond quicker, give them attention quicker and give them contact

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2
Q

what was Pavlov’s experiment

A

bell rang simultaneously with giving dog some food, eventually when bell is rang the dog salivates expecting food

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3
Q

Who is learning theory associated with

A

behaviourists

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4
Q

what is attachment

A

a close emotional relationship between infants and their care givers

It is a two way process which it characterised by clinging, proximity-seeking and protection

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5
Q

what two types of conditioning are there

A

classical and operant

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6
Q

what is learning theory

A

the theory that out behaviour is learned, babies are born as blank states and everything they become can be explained in terms of experiences they have.
According to learning theory we work on a principle of stimulus and response: e.g. food=pleasure therefore the person feeding is associated with pleasure which creates an attachment

All behaviour is learnt through either operant or classical conditioning

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7
Q

which psychologist is associated with classical conditioning

A

Pavlov

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8
Q

what is useful about classical conditioning theory

A

real life applications

practical value- opportunity and change human behaviour

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9
Q

what are the limitations of classical conditioning

A

reductionist- reduces humans to stimuli and response

overemphasises environmental determinism

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10
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

learning associations between different things in our environment, getting food naturally gives a baby pleasure, the baby’s desire is fulfilled whenever it is held by the caregiver so association is formed which causes an attachment

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11
Q

which psychologists are associated with operant conditioning

A

Dollard and Miller

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12
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

Learning occurs when we are rewarded for something as the action results in a pleasant consequence.
hungry babies are in discomfort and therefore have a drive to relieve this discomfort, the mother relieves this discomfort with food. The food become the primary reinforcer and the feeder the secondary.

therefore the mother is associated with food- this is called negative reinforcement

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13
Q

What did Konrad Lorenz (1952) discover

A

that geese imprint to the first moving thing they see, he calls this time the critical period

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14
Q

who proved learning theory to be incorrect

A

harry Harlow

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15
Q

what approach did Lorenz have

A

ethological

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16
Q

what approach did Bowlby have

A

evolutionary, we attach to survive

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17
Q

who did Bowlby influenced by

A

Lorenz

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18
Q

what did Bowlby’s theory suggest

A

that children are biologically pre-programmed, innate need to attach to survive

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19
Q

what does Bowlby suggest this one bond provide (2)

A

a safe base, giving the child confidence

a template for all future relationships

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20
Q

what is Bowlby’s idea of a critical period

A

mothering is useless if delayed until after 2-3 years, if this period is missed then it will cause irreversible long-term damage

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21
Q

what did Bowlby say would happen if the critical period was missed

A

it would cause irreversible, long-term damage

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22
Q

what is monotropy

A

an innate need to attach- child can form several attachments but only one main attachment

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23
Q

what does Bowlby suggest the primary attachment form

A

the foundation of self-esteem, and provides a working model for future relationships

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24
Q

what does Bowlby suggest the working model becomes

A

an internal working model (what to expect and how to behave in relationship)

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25
Q

according to Bowlby what does the internal working model lead to

A

the continuity hypothesis

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26
Q

what is the continuity hypothesis

A

the idea that those securely attached continue to be socially and emotionally competent

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27
Q

what does Bowlby say the long term consequences of maternal deprivation are

A 
delinquency
reduced intelligence
aggression
depression
affectionless psychopathy
28
Q

what is affectionless psychopathy

A

no guilt or care

29
Q

who supports Bowlby

A 
Harlow- we have evolved a need to survive
Hodges and Tizard- critical period
Tronick et al
Scroufe et al
Hazan and Shaver
30
Q

what are the strengths of Bowlby’s theory

A

supports Lorenz
universibly applicable- tranick et al
continuity between early attachment and later social development- Scroufe at al

31
Q

what study did Tronick et al (1992) do

A

studied African families in Ziare. showed that even those babies that are breastfed by other mothers show a primary attachment to one at 6 months

32
Q

what study did Scroufe et al (2005) do

A

longitudinal study in Minnesota. followed babies from infancy to adolescence. found continuity between early attachment and later emotional security

33
Q

what limitations are there to Bowlby’s theory

A

Rutter (1995) proposed multiple attachments

temperament?

34
Q

what are the real life implications of Bowlby’s theory

A

undervalues father

pressure on women to stay at home

35
Q

what is environmental determinism

A

our behaviour is a result of learning through interaction n our environment

36
Q

what does retrospective mean

A

looking into the past

37
Q

what does maladjusted mean

A

socially not right, don’t fit in’

38
Q

what is privation

A

never forming a bond with a caregiver

39
Q

what is deprivation

A

used to describe the loss of something that is needed or wanted

40
Q

Bowlby’s 44 thieve experiment (1994)

A

88 participants aged 5-16
44 referred for stealing, 16 were classed as affectionless psychopathy
other 44 is maladjusted- control group
Bowlby interviewed children + family about early life experiences

86% of the thieves diagnosed with affectionless psychopathy experienced early separation form their mothers
only 17% of the other thieves experienced this
4% of the control group experienced this

link between early separation ad later maladjustment
maternal deprivation appears to lead to affectionless psychopathy
supports maternal deprivation hypothesis

41
Q

PDD model

A

PROTEST - at seperation, crying panicking, calling out
DESPAIR- becomes withdrawn
DETACHMENT- more alert and interested, appears recovered but is damaged

42
Q

Robertson and robertson

A

John
18 month old boy
in hospital care while mum had another baby
showed PDD model
after 9 days ran away from mum and reluctant to be affectionate

43
Q

strengths and weaknessess of PDD

A

> separation should be avoided

>other factors not just PDD

44
Q

Goldfarb 1943

A

orphanage

less intellecually and emotionally developed

45
Q

Skeels and dye1939

A

children in institutional care did poor on IQ test
> some transferred to home for mentally retarded
> some stayed
> Grp 1- improved due to loving older children
> Grp2 - got worse

46
Q

Genie

A

Curtiss
> extreme cruelty, strapped to chair for 13 years - hit if made noise
> underdev eloped and made only animal noises
> never recovered

47
Q

Czech Twins

A

Koluchova
> mother died at birth so went to orphange then aunt and then to father and new stepmum
> locked in cellar, no toys, beaten
> rickets, no spontaneuos speech
> by 25 abouve average intellegence and social skills
> attach to each others?

48
Q

Hodges and Tizard 1989

A

> longitudinal 65 kids
institution before 4 months until 2- no attatchment policy
26 still there
24- adopted
15- restored
all problems with peers, not caring (69%) and attention seeking
adopted had better family relationships

49
Q

Quinton et al

A

50 women raised in institution were more likely to have kids in institutions compared to 50 not

50
Q

Gardner 1972

A

children raised in institutioon were smaller ‘failure to thrive’
> case study- girl fed through tube for 8 months, withdrawn and hormone development was stunted

51
Q

Bilfulco 1992

A

looked at 249 young women who lost mothers/ prolonged separation before 16 -> trigger-> twice as likely to suffer depression, panic attacks

52
Q

Strange situation

A

> Ainsworth
12 month olds, 8 stages, 3 mins each -> focus on separation and reunion
secure - I trust you, distressed but comforted

Insecure avoidant- I don’t care, not distressed, comforted by anyone, avoids interaction

Insecure ambivalent- I don’t trust you, uneasy, upset, accept and reject interaction

53
Q

Ainsworths other studies

A

Uganda- 2yrs, more sensitive mothers babies cried less

Baltimore- more secure babies is sensitive mothers

54
Q

Taskahashi

A

Japanese babies insecure as never leave mothers side - 90% cried desperately

55
Q

Grossman and Grossman

A

German babies insecure but independance is promoted

56
Q

Von Izendoorn and Kroonemberg

A

meta analysis
32 studies
inter-cultural
same as ainsworth

57
Q

Main and Soloman

A

babies behave diff, depending on parent

58
Q

Day care studies

A 
Eppe
Nichd
Belsky and rovine 
Shea
Clark Stuart
Melhuish
High scope Perry pre school project
59
Q

RLA of day care studies

A 
> adoption as early as possible
> better training 
> better ratio
> hospital visiting times
> cycle of disadvantage 
> better qualifications 
> soho family center
60
Q

EPPE

A 
3000 locations in europe
3-7 years
improved but not gone
disadvantaged better
help overcome disadvantage
61
Q

NICHD

A

America
100 places
5 years
those in day care more likely to show behavioral problems

62
Q

Shea

A 
3-4 year old in 1st 10 weeks
rough and tumbel play, agression, distance from nearest the person and teacher and interaction frequency
R+T increased
A decreased 
DFT increased
DFP decreased
IF increased
63
Q

Belsky and Rovine

A 
2 groups
1] no day care
2] 20 hrs pw before 1st b-day
SS
i-v/ i-a
64
Q

Clarke Stuart

A

1] 18mnth -30 or 10 pw- ss- same attatchment

2] 150, 2-3yrolds- VSB- +peer relationships- cooperate, negotiate, share

65
Q

Melhuish

A

childrens whose carers constantly change show more problems

66
Q

High scope perry pre school project

A 
Schwinehart et al
high-quality educaation to 3-4yrold Af-Ams
>lower delinquency
> lower criminal record
> less benefits
67
Q

Baker et al

A

Quebec
Introduced universal daycare. Attendance increased 14%
Aggression increased 23% as did hostile parents and dissatisfaction of spouses

AS Level Psychology (6 decks)

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