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Pathohysiology > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

What is stress?

A

any condition that results in an elevation of ACTH release from the anterior pituitary and/or cortisol release from the adrenal gland

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2
Q

what is a stressor?

A

any physical, emotional, or psychological factor that activates the stress response

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3
Q

stressors that cause ____ damage to the body can cause short or long-term stress

A

physical

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4
Q

what determines if it is a long or short term stressor?

A

the body’s ability to overcome the stress or the stress passing.

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5
Q

which psychological stressors activate the short term response?

A

danger

anger

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6
Q

what psychological stressors activate the long term response?

A

work
school
relationships

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7
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

when hans selye determined that a wide variety of agents cause the same effects on lab animals.

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8
Q

which effects are included in the general adaptation syndrome?

A

high hear rate
high blood pressure
etc

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9
Q

what are the stages of stress according to the general adaptation syndrome?

A

alarm stage
stage of resistance
stage of exhaustion

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10
Q

alarm stage of GAS

A

arousal of body defenses-SNS activation

stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis which activates the sympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

Stage of resistance or adaptation

A

continuation of SNS activation

involves adrenal hormones

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12
Q

stage of exhaustion

A

progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms

occurs only is stress continues and adaptation is not successful

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13
Q

what is the key molecule involved in the stress response

A

CRH

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14
Q

what do CRH and CRH-like peptides increase?

A

increase the activation of the sympathetic nervous system
increases ACTH release from the anterior pituitary gland
Increases anxiety through CRF! (CRH1) receptors

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15
Q

what does CRH and CRH-like peptide decrease

A

anxiety through CRF2 (CRH2) receptors

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16
Q

what is another mechanism other than CRH, that is involved in stress?

A

ADH

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17
Q

What happens in the Alarm Stage?

A

Catecholamines are released from the adrenal medulla and nerve endings

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18
Q

which cells in the adrenal medulla release catecholamines?

A

chromaffin cells

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19
Q

what catecholamines are released from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?

A

large amounts of NE and small amounts of Epinephrine

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20
Q

the alarm stage is mediated by

A

the catecholamines

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21
Q

what is the alarm stage characterized by?

A 
increased:
HR
BP 
Blood glucose
Blood flow to muscles
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22
Q

about how long does the alarm stage last?

A

1-2 hours

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23
Q

in the alarm stage, ACTH and cortisol are elevated by _____ has not had time to affect the body

A

cortisol

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24
Q

which receptors mediate the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine>

A

alpha

beta

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25
the stage of resistance is mediated by
the effects of stress-related hormones on the body
26
what are the hormones involved in the stage of resistance that are from the anterior pituitary?
prolactin GH B-endorphins ACTH
27
what are hormones involved in the stage of resistance from the posterior pituitary?
ADH | Oxytocin
28
changes in the function of the body during this phase help the body deal with
any long term consequences of "fight or flight"
29
where is prolactin released?
the anterior pituitary
30
what is prolactin necessary for?
lactation
31
prolactin levels in the plasma increase as a result of
stressful stimuli
32
prolactin enhances
immune function
33
where is growth hormone produced?
the anterior pituitary lymphocytes mononuclear phagocytic cells
34
when is Growth Hormone released?
after physical stress
35
what does growth hormone affect?
protein, lipid, & carb metabolism | counters the effects of insulin
36
growth hormone enhances
immune function
37
when are endorphins release?
after physical stresses
38
endorphins are released from
the anterior pituitary
39
where are endorphins found and what do they do?
they are proteins found in the brain that have pain-relieving capabilities
40
endorphins cause an insensitivity to
pain
41
endorphins increase your feelings of
excitement positive well-being euphoria
42
what does ACTH do?
increases cortisol release
43
Oxytocin is produced by
the hypothalamus
44
oxytocin may reduce
anxiety
45
ADH stimulates
ACTH release from the anterior pituitary
46
ADH retains
water
47
ADH has mild _____ effect
analgesic
48
cortisol amplifies the effects of
catecholamines
49
how does cortisol increase the effects of catecholamines?
it increases the number of receptors
50
cortisol inhibits
sex steroid production
51
cortisol increases liver
gluconeogenesis
52
how does cortisol affect fat metabolism?
increased lipolysis in extremities | increased lipogenesis centrally
53
stage of exhaustion
decreased function of the bosy due to the long term biochemical changes mediated by cortisol
54
what is the stage of exhaustion often caused by?
infection due to immune deficiencies
55
what affect does cortisol have on inflammation?
inhibits most steps in inflammation
56
Cortisol ____ permeability of capillaries
decreases
57
Cortisol decreases mast cell __
degranulation
58
cortisol decreases cytokine ___
release
59
cortisol decreases fibroblast function which causes a reduction in
wound healing
60
what affect does cortisol have on phospholipase A2
decreases phospholipase A2 activity and other steps in arachidonic acid metabolism
61
what decreases most leukocytes and function?
cortisol
62
Cortisol ___ cytokine release
inhibits
63
cortisol decreases __ and ___ cell count
T and B
64
cortisol ___ macrophage function
inhibits
65
cortisol decrease mass of
lymphatic tissue
66
what are some factors affecting adaptation to stress that we cannot change?
``` age genetic factors rapidity of onset of stress gender (estrogen protective) exposure to stress early in life can permanently enhance the stress response circadian rhythms ```
67
what are some factors affecting adaptation of stress that we can modify?
previous exposure nutritional status psychological and social factors
68
what affect does proper nutrition have on stress?
proper nutrition enhances resistance to stress
69
how does exercise affect immunity?
moderate exercise increases immune function | severe exercise acutely inhibits immune function

Pathohysiology (16 decks)

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