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Altered Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Metaplasia

A

replacement of one cell type with another cell type. Can lead to cancer.It’s an abnormal change where the cell is usually replaced with a less differentiated cell type.

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2
Q

Dysplasia

A

Loss of normal organization of cells. Often leads to cancer. (abnormal condition)

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3
Q

differentiation

A

ask

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4
Q

True or False: Altered cellular processes underlie all physiological pathologies

A

true

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5
Q

physiologic vs pathologic

A

ask

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6
Q

Atrophy

A

cells shrink and wrinkle in size

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7
Q

hypertrophy

A

cells increase in size and not number

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8
Q

hyperplasia

A

cells increase in number and not size

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9
Q

reversible cell injury

A

can be fixed

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10
Q

irreversible cell injury

A

leads to cell death

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11
Q

hypoxic

A

loss of oxygen

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12
Q

ischemia

A

a restriction of blood supply to tissue causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose necessary for cell metabolism. A type of hypoxic injury.

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13
Q

Anoxia

A
  • Decrease in ATP

- Reperfusion injury

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14
Q

Decrease in ATP Anoxia

A

failure of Na-K pump and Ca pump and causes cellular swelling

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15
Q

Reperfusion injury

A

caused by a rush of nutrients that it wasn’t getting before.

  • ROS Synthess
  • Lipid peroxidation
  • Alteration of Proteins
  • Alteration of DNA
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16
Q

Asphyxial Injuries

A

Caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen

  • suffocation
  • strangulation (hanging, ligature, and manual strangulation)
  • chemical asphyxiants
  • drowning
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17
Q

how is propane a chemical asphyxiant?

A

propane pushes oxygen out

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18
Q

Chemical Injury

A 
Lead
Carbon Monoxide
Ethanol 
Mercury 
Social or street drug
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19
Q

Tissue Injuries

A 
application of mechanical energy to the body resulting in the tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues
Contusion 
Abrasion 
laceration 
fractures
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20
Q

contusion

A

deep bruise

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21
Q

hematoma

A

normal bruise

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22
Q

abrasion

A

scrape

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23
Q

laceration

A

tear

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24
Q

Sharp force injuries

A

incised wounds
stab wounds
puncture wounds
chopping wounds

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25
incised wounds
longer than they are deep
26
stab wounds
deeper than they are long
27
puncture wounds
caused by sharp point, but not sharp edge. (so like a nail)
28
Chopping Wounds
combination of blunt and sharp characteristics
29
Pathogenicity
the potential of a microorganism or virus to cause disease
30
infectious Injuries
pathogenicity (virulence) of a microorganism related to disease producing potential - invasion and destruction of cells - toxin production - production of hypersensitivity reactions
31
injurious genetic factors
alterations in the plasma membrane structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms ex:sickle cell anemia and muscular dystrophy
32
injurious nutritional imbalances
essential nutrients are required for cells to function normally. - deficient intake - excessive intake
33
Environmental injuries
hypothermic injury | hyperthermic injury
34
Hypothermic injury
slows cells metabolic processes
35
hyperthermic injury
heat cramps heat exhaustion heatstroke
36
heat cramps
cramping of voluntary muscles | not very much salt and water loss
37
heat exhaustion
``` hemoconcentration hypvolemia nausea water levels go down due to sweat and hematocrate levels will go up moderate degree of sweat and water loss ```
38
heat stroke
considerable degree of salt and water loss fever (106F) hypotension hypovolemia (which is creating hypertension) soft tissue failure (brain, liver, kidneys, etc)
39
Radiation injuries
any form of radiation capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms (ex: X-rays, gamma rays)
40
Mechanism of radiation damage
chromosomal aberrations -DNA breaks, deletions, translocations, thymidine dimers Affects membranes and proteins -short lived. Some cells are more susceptible to these changes.
41
which cells are constantly regenerating?
gastrointestinal cells, fetus, bone marrow cells
42
How does cellular injury manifest itself?
Cellular accumulations like: - water - lipids and carbohydrates - glycogen - proteins
43
hydropic degeneration (oncosis) happens when:
membranes lose the ability to regulate ion permeability
44
necrosis
sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion which promotes local inflammation
45
The processes of necrosis
pylnosis-->Karyorrhexis-->karyolysis
46
pyknosis
clumping of chromatin in the nucleus
47
karyorrhexis
fragmentation of the nucleus
48
karyolysis
nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis
49
Apoptosis
programmed normal cell death | cells must die in order to clean. it's an internal process.
50
Necrosis is not normal cell death
True
51
coagulative necrosis
``` protein denaturation (albumin changes into an opaque state. Albumin is most prevalent in the blood an causes the white spots in the liver) most common in: kidneys, heart, spleen, and adrenal glands ```
52
Liquefactive necrosis
neurons and glial cells of the brain. A result of activation of hydrolytic enzymes.
53
caseous Necrosis
a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. most common with tuberculosis in the lung. got it's name because they thought it looked like cottage cheese and cottage cheese is full of casine.
54
Fat Necrosis
Action of lipases (saponification) deposites are made of fatty acids and calcium most common in pancreas, breast, and other abdominal organs.
55
Gangrenous necrosis
usually a result of hypoxia | occurs in the limbs and not the organs
56
Dry gangrenous necrosis
most common in diabetes. insufficient blood coagulative dry, crusty, black
57
Wet Gangrenous Necrosis
infection liquefactive cold, swollen, black foul odor (pus)
58
Gas Gangrenous necrosis
clostridium infection
59
How can you treat necrosis?
Revascularization so that you can save any function you have in whatever cells you have left. You can also treat the infection.
60
somatic death
death of an entire person
61
postmortem changes
Algor mortis livor mortis rigor mortis postmortem autolysis
62
Algor mortis
reduction of body temperature
63
livor mortis
purple color of lowest tissue due to settling of blood from gravity
64
rigor mortis
muscle stiffening ( inc. ATP dec. Ca2+)
65
Postmortem autolysis
lytic dissolution of cells/tissues
66
which cells are constantly regenerating?
gastrointestinal cells, fetus, bone marrow cells
67
How does cellular injury manifest itself?
Cellular accumulations like: - water - lipids and carbohydrates - glycogen - proteins
68
hydropic degeneration (oncosis) happens when:
membranes lose the ability to regulate ion permeability
69
necrosis
sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion which promotes local inflammation
70
The processes of necrosis
pylnosis-->Karyorrhexis-->karyolysis
71
pyknosis
clumping of chromatin in the nucleus
72
karyorrhexis
fragmentation of the nucleus
73
karyolysis
nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis
74
Apoptosis
programmed normal cell death | cells must die in order to clean. it's an internal process.
75
Necrosis is not normal cell death
True
76
coagulative necrosis
``` protein denaturation (albumin changes into an opaque state. Albumin is most prevalent in the blood an causes the white spots in the liver) most common in: kidneys, heart, spleen, and adrenal glands ```
77
Liquefactive necrosis
neurons and glial cells of the brain. A result of activation of hydrolytic enzymes.
78
caseous Necrosis
a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. most common with tuberculosis in the lung. got it's name because they thought it looked like cottage cheese and cottage cheese is full of casine.
79
Fat Necrosis
Action of lipases (saponification) deposites are made of fatty acids and calcium most common in pancreas, breast, and other abdominal organs.
80
Gangrenous necrosis
usually a result of hypoxia | occurs in the limbs and not the organs
81
Dry gangrenous necrosis
most common in diabetes. insufficient blood coagulative dry, crusty, black
82
Wet Gangrenous Necrosis
infection liquefactive cold, swollen, black foul odor (pus)
83
Gas Gangrenous necrosis
clostridium infection
84
How can you treat necrosis?
Revascularization so that you can save any function you have in whatever cells you have left. You can also treat the infection.
85
somatic death
death of an entire person
86
postmortem changes
Algor mortis livor mortis rigor mortis postmortem autolysis
87
Algor mortis
reduction of body temperature
88
livor mortis
purple color of lowest tissue due to settling of blood from gravity
89
rigor mortis
muscle stiffening ( inc. ATP dec. Ca2+)
90
Postmortem autolysis
lytic dissolution of cells/tissues
91
true or false: adipocyte number is mostly set in early life but continues (slowly) until mid-teens.
true. our ability to make fat cells decreases after 2ys of age
92
does adipocyte number determine obesity?
no. size determines obesity. once your cells get to a certain size, they will produce more even after you've finished making the cells.
93
who has the great potential for obesity
the one with the greater amount of fat cells and not the ones with bigger cells.

Pathohysiology (16 decks)

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