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Pathohysiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

many hormones are synthesized in

A

several tissues

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2
Q

for most hormones, a tissues produces the hormone in _____(the gland) and other tissues secrete the hormone in ____ quantities

A

the gland produces large amounts of the hormone and other tissues secrete much smaller amounts of the hormone.

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3
Q

hormones are released in response to

A

an alteration in the cellular environment

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4
Q

hormones are released to maintain

A

a regulated level of certain substances or other hormones

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5
Q

what are hormones regulated by?

A

chemical, hormonal, or neural factors.

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6
Q

what are some water soluble hormones?

A

peptides

catecholamines

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7
Q

how do water soluble hormones circulate in the blood stream?

A

they generally circulate as free hormones

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8
Q

what are some water insoluble hormones?

A

steroid hormones

thyroid hormones

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9
Q

how do water insoluble hormones circulate in the blood stream?

A

they are carried in the blood bound to plasma proteins.

At low concentrations they are dissolved in the blood and travel as free hormones

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10
Q

water insoluble hormones reach an ____ between the protein bound hormone and the free hormone

A

equilibrium

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11
Q

the protein bound hormone cannot _____ and therefore serves as a circulating ___

A

cannot bind to receptors and therefore serves as a circulating reservoir for the hormones

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12
Q

which hormone is the active hormone? the free or the bound?

A

the free hormone is the active hormone

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13
Q

what affects the ratio of free to bound hormones?

A

changing the concentration of hormone binding proteins in the plasma.
drugs that compete for binding sites

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14
Q

what can change the concentration of hormone binding proteins in the plasma?

A

liver damamge
malnutrition
hormones such as estrogen

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15
Q

autocrine interactions

A

a cell releases hormones that affect itself and all identical cells

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16
Q

paracrine interaction

A

a cell releases hormones that affect cells around it in the same tissue

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17
Q

classic endocrine interactions

A

cells in one tissue produce hormones that affect cells in another tissue

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18
Q

what are the action of water soluble hormones?

A

signal transduction
second messenger
first messenger

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19
Q

what are examples of first messenger water sol hormones?

A

peptide hormones

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20
Q

what are examples of second messenger water sol hormones?

A

calcium

cAMP

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21
Q

what are possible causes of altered hormone levels?

A

usually a problem of the production or the reception of the hormone
failure of feedback systems

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22
Q

what alters hormone production?

A

dysfunction of an endocrine gland
ectopic hormone release
increased hormone degradation or inactivation

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23
Q

what might cause dysfunction of an endocrine gland?

A

secretory cells are unable to produce, obtain or convert hormone precursors or
the endocrine gland synthesizes or releases excessive amounts of hormone

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24
Q

how might there be altered hormone reception?

A

receptors associated disorders

inadequate synthesis of a second messenger

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25
what are examples of receptor-associated disorders?
decrease in number of receptors impaired receptor function presence of antibodies against specific receptors antibodies that mimic hormone action
26
the posterior pituitary consists of neurons with a cell body in the ___ and the axon ending in the _____
cell body in the hypothalamus and the axon ending in the posterior pituitary
27
SIADH
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion | hypersecretion of ADH
28
what do you need to be able to diagnose SIADH
normal adrenal and thyroid function must exist
29
what are clinical manifestations of SIADH?
enhanced renal water retention hyponatremia and hypoosmolarity high concentrated urine increase sodium loss bc of an increase in blood volume
30
what are the actions of SIADH?
causes an increase in permeability of the renal collecting duct to water at high concentrations causes constriction of arterial smooth muscle
31
what does ADH do?
inserts aquaporins into the wall of the collecting duct which leads to water reabsorption without ion reabsorption
32
what are some causes of SIADH?
ectopic production of ADH by cancer cells surgery (related stress) Drugs like: anesthetic agents, morphine, opiates, barbiturates) cranial abnormalities ( head trauma, brain tumor, etc.)
33
what are treatments for SIADH?
water restriction remove tumor is present ADH receptor blocker
34
Diabetes insipidus
insufficiency of ADH polyuria and polydipsia partial or total inability to concentrate the urine
35
neurogenic diabetes insipidus
damage to the brain or posterior pituitary. Generally caused by trauma of the head, cranial surgery, cranial tumor, or idiopathic insufficient ADH
36
nephrogenic diabetes insipidous
lack of ADH receptors in the kidney or lack of function of the receptors to modify permeability insufficient ADH response
37
psychogenic diabetes insipidus
drinking too much water
38
how do you treat psychogenic DI?
water restriction
39
how do you treat nephrogenic DI?
drink large amounts of water and have a diet rich in sodium chloride
40
How do you treat neurogenic DI?
ADH replacement (generally nasally)
41
how does oxytocin affect the cervix during birth?
stretch of the cervix
42
what are the psychological triggers of oxytocin release?
mother hearing baby crying mother thinking about baby stress
43
oxytocin is called the "love hormone" because of it's role in
intimacy
44
tactile stimulation of the breast (nursing) mediates release of
oxytocin
45
What are the consequences of hyposecretion of oxytocin?
Possible lack of milk ejection and prolonged labor | possible lack of compassion, bonding, etc/
46
what are the consequences of hypersecretion of oxytocin?
galactorrhea
47
What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?
``` andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) leutinizing hormone (LH) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Growth hormone (GH) prolactin (PRL) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) ```
48
because the pituitary is highly vascularized, it is vulnerable to
ischemia and infarction
49
pituitary infarction is a result of
hemorrhaging
50
pituitary infarction can lead to
hypopituitarism
51
sheehan syndrome
blood loss from severe hemorrhage during delivery can damage mother's pituitary
52
hyperpituitarism is commonly due to
a benign, slow-growing pituitary adenoma
53
what are the consequences of hyperpituitarism?
headache (if tumor is large) visual defect (if tumor is large) Oculomotor palsies
54
what ocularmotor palsies may result from hyperpituitarisms?
an inability to properly dilate or constrict the pupil in one or more eyes inability to properly follow objects with the eyes inability to open eyelid properly
55
what are two consequences of hypersecretion of the growth hormone(GH)?
gigantism | acromegaly
56
gigantism
hypersecretion of GH in children and adolescents
57
acromegaly
hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
58
what are some factors that stimulate GH release?
GRH Ghrelin from stomach and hypothalamus estrogen testosterone
59
what are some factors that inhibit GH release?
somatostatin | IGF
60
how does somatostatin inhibit GH release?
GH stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete somatostatin and decrease secretion of GRH
61
how does IGF inhibit GH production?
IGF inhibits GH release and increases somatostatin and inhibits GRH release from the hypothalamus
62
GH stimulates ___ production by the liver and other tissues
IGF
63
GH and IGF stimulate growth of ___ at the epiphyseal plate
long bones
64
GH and IGF increase _____ incorporation into proteins
Amino Acid
65
GH and IGF inhibit ___ breakdown
Protein Breakdown
66
GH and IGF increases
lipolysis
67
GH inhibits hepatic ____ and promotes ______
inhibits glucose uptake and promotes gluconeogenesis
68
GH stimulates the ___ system
Immune System
69
what are clinical manifestations of acromegaly?
``` large: tongue, lips, fingers, toes, jaw bone, ears, and skull bones. increase in blood glucose joint paint barrel chest CV diseases ```
70
how do we treat hypersecretion of GH?
Somatostatin analog (octreotide) surgery if drug therapy fails radiation if drug therapy and surgery fail to treat tumor
71
What does Somatostatin analog (octreotide) do?
inhibits GH, glucagon, and insulin
72
What are the effects of hyposecretion of GH in children?
growth failure increased percentage of fat and reduced lean mass poor strength and development of bones poor immune function
73
what does young adult onset of hyposecretion of GH cause?
``` poor lactation poor immune system function low blood glucose depression decreased mass of bone ```
74
inhibition of somatostatin reduces___
fat gain
75
Prolactin is stimulated by
TRH and Oxytocin
76
stress an high estrogen, ovulation and suckling inhibit or stimulate prolactin?
stimulate
77
Prolactin is inhibited by
somato and dopamine
78
plasma prolactin causes the hypothalamus to increase___
dopamine
79
Dopamine release and decrease the release of various stimulatory factors and therefore
PRL inhibits it's own release
80
estrogen and progesterone together ____ prolactin
inhibit
81
prolactin induces proliferation of
glandular tissue of the mammary glands
82
prolactin regulates synthesis of ___ by the mammary glands
milk protein
83
prolactin inhibits the release of ____ and ____ from pituitary
LH and FSH
84
Prolactin blocks the effects of ___ and ___ on the gonads
LH and FSH
85
Prolactin stimulates the ___ system
immune
86
prolactin is negatively regulated by the ____
hypothalamus PIF dopamine
87
what are the effects of hypersecretion of prolactin in females?
amenorrhea galactorrhea hirsutism osteopenia
88
what are the effects of hypersecretion of prolactin in males?
hypogonadism impaired libido gynecomastia (rarely) infertility
89
what are the manifestations of hyposecretion of prolactin?
poor milk production | poor function of immune system
90
thyroid hormone is stimulated by
TRH | cold
91
Thyroid hormone if inhibited by
SRIH dopamine stress
92
___ increases the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland
TSH
93
how is over 2/3 of the body's T3 produced?
by the tissues deiodinating T4 to T3
94
T3 inhibts release of
TRH and TSH
95
T3 increases release of
SRIH
96
how does T3 effects cellular activity?
by binding to an intracellular receptor and interacts with DNA to increase mRNA synthesis
97
how does T3 effect metabolism?
treatment with thyroid increases metabolic rate
98
what are clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism?
``` increased HR increased BP High body temp head aches muscle weakness due to decreased muscle mass weight loss nervousness, inability to concentrate irritable difficulty in sleeping increased blood clorring ```
99
how do you treat hyperthyroidism?
drugs that inhibit iodine utilization radioactive iodine surgery
100
what are the effects of excess thyroid during pregnancy?
reduced birth weight | increased risk of malformation

Pathohysiology (16 decks)

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