Cancer

Question 1

Benign tumor

Answer 1

grows slowly
well defined capsule
not invasive 
well differentiated 
low mitotic index 
does not metastasize

Question 2

malignant tumor

Answer 2

grows rapidly 
not encapsulated 
invasive
poorly differentiated 
high mitotic index
can spread distantly (metastasis)

Question 3

-oma

Answer 3

benign

Question 4

carcinoma

Answer 4

malignant epithelial tumors

Question 5

adenocarcinoma

Answer 5

cancer tumor from ductal or glandular strustures

Question 6

adenoma

Answer 6

benign tumor in ductal or glandular structures

Question 7

sarcoma

Answer 7

malignant connective tissue (non-epithelial) tumors
chondrosarcoma-tumor in cartilage
osteosarcoma-bone cancer

Question 8

lymphomas

Answer 8

cancers of lymphatic tissue

Question 9

leukemias

Answer 9

cancers of blood-forming cell

Question 10

dysplasia

Answer 10

starting to lose differentiation

Question 11

in situ neoplasm

Answer 11

poorly differentiated but not breaking into other tissues

Question 12

invasive neoplasm

Answer 12

starts to spread bc it broke through the bottom layer and gets into the lymphatic system. metastisizes

Question 13

anaplasia

Answer 13

absence of differentiation

Question 14

benign tumors

Answer 14

resemble their cell of origin (well differntiated) but they do not have the normal function.

Question 15

cell cycle check point

Answer 15

there are two check point in the cell cycle (at the end of each G phase). if the cell is not looking good then it goes through apoptosis. cancer cells dont have this check point.

Question 16

point mutations

Answer 16

changes in one or a few nucleotide base pairs

Question 17

chromosome translocation

Answer 17

a piece on one chromosome is transferred to another

Question 18

gene amplification

Answer 18

duplication of a small piece of chromosome over and over.

can result in increased expression of an oncogene.

Question 19

If mutations occurs in ______cells it is not passed to progeny

Answer 19

somatic

Question 20

if the mutation occurs in _____cells it can be passed to future generations

Answer 20

germline.

Question 21

oncogene

Answer 21

mutant genes in their non-mutant state direct (activate or inhibit) protein synthesis and cellular growth.

Question 22

prto-oncogene

Answer 22

a normal nonmutant gene that codes for cellular growth (so an oncogene before mutation)
ex:ras, Rb, p53

Question 23

what happens when ras is mutated?

Answer 23

it become too active so it doesn’t inhibit p53 abd Rb from stopping every cell.

Question 24

what happens when p53 or Rb are mutated?

Answer 24

they stop no bueno cells so then cells so then bad cells will just grow.
p53 normally stops cell groth with hypocxia

Question 25

carcinoma

Answer 25

a freckle that goes bad

Question 26

melanoma

Answer 26

a mole that goes bad

Question 27

occupational hazard

Answer 27

asbestos dyes, rubber, paint, explosives, rubber cement, heavy metals, air, pollution. etc. radon

Question 28

what is the greatest risk factor for cancer?

Answer 28

aging

Question 29

cancer risk correlates with

Answer 29

BMI

Question 30

Adipose tissue is an active ____organ

Answer 30

endocrine

Question 31

VEGF

Answer 31

vaso endothelial growth factor | induced angiogenesis

Question 32

TNFalpha

Answer 32

cytokine | enables cancer bc of inflammation

Question 33

severl tumors exhibit _____insulin receptor presence

Answer 33

increased | ex: breat prostate, colon, liver

Question 34

warburg effect

Answer 34

most cancer cells have a strong preference to use non-oxidative glycolysis. aka cancer cells can only use glucose

Question 35

Diet low in____may reduce cancer risk

Answer 35

carbs

Question 36

angiogenesis

Answer 36

growth of new vessels. advanced cancers can secrete angiogenic factors. any tumor larger than 1mm needs its own blood supply

Question 37

metastasis

Answer 37

spread of cancer from a primary site of origin to a distant site can do it by direct invasion of contiguous organs (local spread) or can go to distant organs through the lymphatic system and blood, this type requires angiogenesis

Question 38

True or false:all cancer cells can metastasize

Answer 38

false

Question 39

staging

Answer 39

involves the size of the tumor, degree to which it has invaded, and the extent to which it had spread.

Question 40

stage 1

Answer 40

cancer is confined to its organ of origin

Question 41

stage 2

Answer 41

locally invasive, still in same organ

Question 42

stage 3

Answer 42

regional structures, it's still in the same cavity or general area

Question 43

stage 4

Answer 43

distant sites

Question 44

what is the order of the three steps in the theory of metastic invasion?

Answer 44

attachment-->degradation of the matrix-->locomotion

Question 45

Syndrome of cachexia

Answer 45

severe form os malnutrition | present in 80% of cancer patients at death

Question 46

which is better for cancer patients? a ketogenic diet or insulin administration?

Answer 46

a ketogenic diet. it can reverse the cachetic process and might reduce tumor weight

Question 47

causes of cancer death

Answer 47

``` infection hemorrhage blood clots anemia weakness due to weight loss loss of function of critical organ systems ```