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Biological Psychology > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

Define stress

A

Anything which throws the body out of homeostatic balance (Saplosky, 1994).

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2
Q

What are the two types of stress?

A

Acute Stress and Chronic Stress

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3
Q

Name 3 sources of stress

A

Environmental, psychological, physiological

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4
Q

True or False
Stress is up to individual interpretation

A

True

What is considered stressful, may not be considered stressful to someone else.

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5
Q

How do hormones regulate stress?

A

Bring our bodies back to homeostasis.

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6
Q

What is Norpinephrine also known as?

A

Noreadrenaline

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7
Q

What is epinephrine also known as?

A

Adrenaline

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8
Q

Which hormone, epinephrine or norepinephrine, is continulously in the body?

A

Norepinephrine

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9
Q

What is the function of Norepinephrine?

A

Continuously in the bloodstream, narrowing blood vessels to increase blood pressure.

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10
Q

What is the function of Epinephrine?

A
  • Released when acutely stressed
  • Increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to brain and muscles.
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11
Q

What systems do Epinephrine and Norepinephrine stimulate?

A

Respiratory and Cardiovascular system

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12
Q

Describe the Stress Response System using the HPA axis.

A
  • Something stressful happens.
  • Hypothalamus sends a neuronal signal to activate the adrenal medullae.
  • This secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
  • Hormonally, the hypothalamus then releases CRH, which stimulates ACTHrelease from the pituitarygland.
  • ACTH stimulates cortisolsecretion from the adrenalglands
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13
Q

How does the hormonal response to stress stimulate our fight or flight response?

A
  • Uses energy to confront the stress, or run away from it.
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14
Q

When is CRH and ACTH released in the body?

A

After the release of epinephrine from the adrenal gland.

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15
Q

Where does ACTH come from?

A

The pituitary gland

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16
Q

Where does CRH come from?

A

The Hypothalamus.

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17
Q

True or False.
The hypothalamus sends a hormonal signal to the adrenal gland to stimulate secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine.

A

False.
This is a neuronal signal.

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18
Q

What is glucocorticoids also known as?

A

Cortisol

19
Q

What is the primary function of cortisol?

A

A steriod hormone that shuts down any function which may get in the way of a fight or flight response.

20
Q

Describe the negative feedback in the HPA axis.

A
  • Cortisol regulates the production of CRH (from the hypothalamus) and ACTH (from the pituitary gland).
  • This ensures no overproduction.
21
Q

Describe the three stages of general adaptational effects of stress.

A

1) Alarm
2) Resistance
3) Exhaustion

22
Q

Name the study which studies General Adaptational Effects of Stress?

A

Seyle et al. (1950)

23
Q

List 1 problem which arises from Seyle et al’s (1950) study.

A
  • A threshold is not determined between each phase.
  • Makes it difficult to help individuals, as there is no awareness to the duration/ time stamp of each phase.
24
Q

List 5 acute response adaptations of the body from stress.

A
  • Energy storage to energy use.
  • Inhibitted digestion and growth.
  • Enhanced cognition.
  • Decreased pain perception
  • Increased cardiovascular tone.
25
Q

List 5 chronic response adaptions of the body from stress.

A
  • Fatigue.
  • Peptic ulcers from inhibited digestion
  • Psychsocial dwarfism
  • Inhibited repair and growth of the body (Glaser et al., 1995)
  • Accelarted neuronal degeneration (Gould et al., 1990)
26
Q

Name the study which describes norepinephrine and epinephrine levels.

A

Benschop et al. (1998)

27
Q

Describe the findings from Benschop et al (1996) study.

A
  • Studied parachute jumper’s norepinephrine and epinephrine levels before and after jumping.
  • Shows that stress responses are adaptive.
  • The body can learn that a stressor is not part of a survival situation.
28
Q

List two studies which describe prenatal stress in humans.

A
  • Van Os and Selten (1998)
  • Weinstock (1997)
29
Q

Describe the findings from Van Os and Selten (1998) study.

A
  • Found pregnant, stressed mothers to give birth to Schizophrenic children.
  • Provides evidence for activational/ organisational effects of cortisol.
30
Q

Describe the findings from Weinstock’s (1997) study.

A
  • Mothers with high cortisol gave birth to children who were smaller.
  • Cortisol effected the growth hormones of the foetus.
31
Q

What effects can cortisol have on prenatal rats.

A
  • Perminently changes the rats HPA axis.
  • Blunts cortisol concentrations in the body.
  • Limitting effects on evolutionary survival benefits.
32
Q

What are immunization effects?

A

Where the body is “immune” to a concept or substance.

33
Q

Which study researched immunization effects in rats?

A

Lui et al (1997)

34
Q

Describe Lui et al’s (1997) study.

A
  • Presented rats with a stressful stimulus at birth.
  • Rats in later life were more resistant to stressful stimulus.
  • Displayed immunization effects.
35
Q

What is one disadvantage of Lui et al’s (1997) study?

A
  • The effect is unknown in humans.
  • We do not know the threshold between mild and harsh.
36
Q

List the study which explains neonatal stress in humans.

A

Gunnar et al. (2001)

37
Q

Describe the study by Gunnar et al. (2001)

A
  • Studied romanian orphan children 6-12 years after being adopted out of the orphanage.
  • Compared to Canadian control children.
  • Children adopted out before 8 months old displayed the same cortisol levels as Canadian born children.
  • Children adopted out after 8 months of age displayed higher cortisol levels.
38
Q

What are the 4 ways to cope with stress?

A

1) Control
2) Predictability
3) Habitution
4) Outlet for frustration

39
Q

Who researched control mechanisms of Stress?

A

Weiss (1998)

40
Q

Describe Saplosky et al. (1992) study to predict stressors.

A
  • Put two rats in a box.
  • Rat with a light signal to a indicate an incoming stressor showed lower levels in stress.
41
Q

Describe Saplosky et al’s (1992) study who studied outlets of frustration to stress.

A

Giving a block of wood for rats to chew showed reduced levels in stress.

42
Q

List two pieces of research who studied outlets of frustration to stress.

A

Saplosky et al. (1992)
Soussignan and Koch (1985)

43
Q

Describe Soussignan and Koch’s (1985) study

A

Found leg swinging in children as an outlet to stress.

44
Q

What does habituation mean?

A

Getting used to a stressor.

Biological Psychology (5 decks)

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