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Biological Psychology > Hormones and Behaviour > Flashcards

Hormones and Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a Hormone?

A

Chemical messages released into the bloodstream that affect the function of target cells at a distance from the source.

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2
Q

List the 3 types of Hormone classifications.

A

Protein hormones, Monoamine Hormones, Steriod Hormones.

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3
Q

Are most vertebrate hormones Protein Hormones?
a) Yes
b) No

A

a) Yes

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4
Q

What composes of a Protein Hormone?

A

A Protein Hormone is composed of Multiple Amino Acids

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5
Q

Define a Peptide Hormone:

A

A Hormone which is composed of a chain less than 50 animo acids.

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6
Q

Where are Protein Hormones stored before they are release into the bloodstream?

A

In endocrine cells

Endocrine cells are cells within Endocrine glands (part of the endocrine

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7
Q

List two examples of Protein Hormones:

A

Insulin (A protein hormone which manages blood glucose levels) and Leptin (A protein hormone which regulates the bodys long-term energy balance (hunger)).

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8
Q

Where are Monoamine Hormones derived from?

A

A singlular amino acid

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9
Q

List three examples of a Monoamine Hormone:

A

Seretonin, melatonin, dopamine

Normally end in -ine or -in

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10
Q

Can Monoamine Hormones be regarded as a neurotransmitter?
Why/ Why not?

A

Yes.
They are able to act on target cells when released into the blood (hormone) AND act locally by crossing synaptic clefts (neurotransmitter)

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11
Q

List 3 examples where steriod hormones are mostly produced:

A

The Gonads, Adrenal Glands, and The Brain

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12
Q

Describe how Steriod Hormones are composed?

Rings

A

3x 6 Carbon Rings.
1x 5 Carbon Ring.

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13
Q

What is the precurser to all vertebrate Steriod Hormones?

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

Are Steriod Hormones released immediately into the bloodstream?
a) Yes
b) No

A

a) Yes

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15
Q

Why are Steriod Hormones released immediately into the bloodstream?

A

Because they are slow-acting.

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16
Q

List 2 examples of Steriod Hormones:

A

Cortisol (a steriod hormone released when stressed), Testosterone (a steriod hormone associated with male characteristics)

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17
Q

List 3 characteristics of Neurons.

A

a) Neurons travel along nerve tracks
b) Fast onset and offset
c) Subject to voluntary control

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18
Q

List 3 characteristics of Hormones.

A

a) Travel throughout the body via the circulatory system.
b) Effects of take minutes/ hours to manifest.
c) No voluntary control of the release

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19
Q

Name where hormones are produced.

A

Glands

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20
Q

Define a Gland.

A

A group of cells formed by ingrowth of an epithelial surface

Skin surface which has folded in on itself.

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21
Q

Do all glands produce hormones?

A

No

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22
Q

Do all hormones come from Glands?

A

Yes

23
Q

What are the two types of Glands?

A

Exocrine Glands and Endocrone Glands.

24
Q

What type of gland does not make a hormone?

A

Exocrine Glands

25
Q

What are 2 features of an Exocrine Gland?

A

1) They release substances through ducts
2) Substances from Exocrine glands are secreted outside of the body.

26
Q

Do all Endocrine Glands make Hormones?

A

Yes

27
Q

Define an Endocrine Gland

A

A gland which secretes substances directly into the bloodstream.

28
Q

What are the two type of receptors for Hormones?

A

Protein Hormone Receptors and Steriod Hormone Receptors.

29
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of a Protein Hormone Receptor?

A

1) They are water soluable; not lipid soluable.
2) Binds to receptor on cell surface.
3) There is a secondary reaction inside the cell.

30
Q

What are 3 characteristics of a Steriod Hormone Receptor?

A

1) They are lipid soluable, therefore require a carrier protein in the bloodstream.
2) Leaves carrier protein at target cell.
3) Bind to receptors inside the target cell.

31
Q

What are the 3 effects when a hormone has interacted with the receptors at the target cell?

A

1) Enzymatic Pathways
2) Gene Expression
3) Protein Synthesis

32
Q

What are Enzymatic Pathways?

A

The chemical reactions which occour inside the targetted cell.

33
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Activating/ shutting down a gene for a duration of time.

34
Q

What is Hormone Sphericity at a receptor cite?

A

Hormones only bind to receptors which are specfic to that hormone.

35
Q

What is Hormone Affinity?

A

Where a hormone connects to receptors easily.

36
Q

Can dopamine bind to a seretonin receptor cite?

A

No
Hormones only influence cells with receptors specific to them.

37
Q

List 2 reasons why receptors only bind hormines with affinity and specifity?

A

1) So hormones are not over-produced.
2) In a low concentration, hormones will still have a strong effect.

38
Q

What is Up-Regulation?

A

When a cell increases the number or receptor cites at a cell.

39
Q

What is Down-Regulation?

A

When a cell decreases the production of receptor cites at a cell.

40
Q

What is an example of positive feedback?

A

Childbirth

41
Q

What is an example of negative feedback?

A

Hunger and Eating

42
Q

What are the two types of feedback loops?

A

Positive and Negative feedback

43
Q

What is the role of a Positive Feedback loop?

A

To maintain/ accelarate the direction of a stimulus.

44
Q

What is the role of a Negative Feedback Loop?

A

To increase/ decrease (to change) the direction of a stimlus.

45
Q

Describe the process of positive feedback in childbirth:

A

1) Child presses on mothers cervix.
2) Nerve impulses are sent to the brain to release oxytocin.
3) Oxytocin makes the uterus contract
4) Baby pushes on cervix, starting the process again.
5) Positive feedback loop ends when the baby stops pushing on the cervix.

46
Q

Describe the process of the negative feedback when an individual eats:

A

1) Eating substance causes a spike in blood glucose levels.
2) Pancreas detects high levels, and releases insulin.
3) Insulin makes liver absorb glucose, to store glycogen.
4) Blood glucose return to a normal state.

47
Q

List 3 ways hormones are cleared.

A

1) Broken down by enzymes
2) The liver removes them
3) Bloodstream Disintergration

48
Q

How are hormones excreted?

A

Via bile or urine

49
Q

Describe the relationship between hormones and behaviour.

A

Bidirectional

Hormones affect behaviour ~ Behaviour affects hormones.

50
Q

Name and describe the study where hormones affect behaviour.

A

Rose et al. (1971): A Rheus monkeys’ showed reduced testosterone concentrations when it lost a fight to another rheus monkey.

51
Q

Do hormones directly change behaviour? Why/ Why not?

A

No.
Hormones change the possibility of behavioural responses.

52
Q

What are the 3 systems which hormones can influence to change an individuals behaviour?

A

1) Sensory systems
2) Central Processing systems
3) Output systems

53
Q

How would you check is a behaviour is hormone dependant?

A

By blocking/ removing the hormone from the body, and reinstating it.

Biological Psychology (5 decks)

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