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Biological Psychology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What two mechanisms do the body use to maintain optimal conditions?

A

Physiology and Behaviour

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2
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

The ability to maintain optimal conditions for the body.

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3
Q

Name 3 mechanisms are required from the body to maintain homeostasis?

A

1) A set point
2) A detection mechanism
3) The mobalisation of behaviour

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4
Q

Define Osmotic Thirst.

A

The motivation to seek and ingest water.

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5
Q

Who defined Osmotic Thirst?

A

Fitzsimons (1998)

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6
Q

How much of our body weight is water?

A

2/3

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7
Q

True or False:
67% of water is held as intracellular fluid.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

What is interstitual fluid?

A

The fluid between blood plasma, and a cell.

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9
Q

True or False
Water is held as surplus in the body.

A

FALSE
Water is not held as surplus.
This is why humans use physiology and behaviour to maintain water concentration.

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10
Q

What triggers osmotic thirst?

A

The ingestion of salt

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11
Q

Describe the osmotic thirst process inside the body when salt is ingested by the body.

A

1) Salt is ingested, which increases sodium content in extracellular fluid.
2) Water is attracted to salt, therefore, water is pulled from inside the cell, to the extracellular fluid.
3) Extracellular fluid becomes lower in sodium content.
4) Thirst arises from a lack of water inside the cells.

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12
Q

What cells in the endocrine system detect thirst?

A

Osmorereceptor Cells

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13
Q

Which hormone is used to conserve water as blood moves through the kidneys?

A

ADH (Antidieuretic Hormone)

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14
Q

What is ADH also known as?

A

Vasopressin

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15
Q

Describe the process how ADH is released into the blood stream.

A

1) Osmorereceptor cells detect thirst in the hypothalamus.
2) Hypothalamus makes Vasopression, and transports it along nerve fibres to the pituitary gland, to, enter the blood stream.
3) ADH changes this kidneys to stop filtering out water, as they normally should.
4) Conserves water within the body.

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16
Q

What does the body do when enough water has been drank?

A

1) Reduction of ADH in the bloodstream
2) Plasma osmolality decreases.
3) Urination

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17
Q

How does Hypovolemic Thirst occour?

A

Through **vomitting, diarrhea **etc…

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18
Q

What is the main difference between Omotic Thirst and Hypovolemic Thirst?

A

Osmotic = Loss of water and soduim
Hypovolemic = Loss of water, sodium, and other essential nutrients in the blood

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19
Q

What effects do Hypovolemic thirst cause to the body?

A

Low blood pressure

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20
Q

During Hypovolemic thirst, what does low blood pressure do to the kidneys?

A

Prevents them from extracting water efficiently.

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21
Q

What is the function of ADH in Hypovolemic Thirst?

A

To restrict blood vessels.

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22
Q

What does ADH cause the kidneys to do?

A

Retain more water

23
Q

What is Angiotensin?

A

A hormone released by the kidneys to restrict the blood vessels.

24
Q

What hormone is released following Angiotensin?

A

Aldosterone

25
Q

What is the function of Algosterone?

A

Deceases soldium extracted in the urine.

26
Q

How does the body maintain energy during Homeostatis?

A

By eating

26
Q

Bevahiourally, what should the body do when encountered by Hypovolemic Thirst?

A

Eat AND drink.

27
Q

Describe why water cannot be the only source ingested during Hypovolemic Thirst.

A

Water does not replace sodium AND other nutrients lost during vomitting and diarrhea.

28
Q

True or False:
Energy balance is controlled by a number of hormones.

A

TRUE.

29
Q

Define metabolism as a catabolic process.

A

The process of breaking down food into energy

30
Q

Describe the 3 steps of how energy is stored after eating.

A

1) Food is broken down into amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids.
2) Insulin is released from the pancreas to transport excess glucose to muscle and fat cells, and amino acids to muscle cells.
3) Glucose is converted to glycogen, and stored in liver and muscles.

31
Q

Describe the 2 steps of how energy is released when the body needs energy.

A

1) Pancreas released glycagon to break down the stored molecules.
2) This releases glucose into the bloodstream.

32
Q

Describe Fothergill et al. (2016) found studying obesity.

A
  • Metabolic rates are reduced.
  • Suggests the body has a pre-determined set point.
33
Q

What are the 3 endocrine hormones which regulate energy balance?

A

1) Leptin
2) Ghrelin
3) Cholecystokinin (CKK)

34
Q

What is the purpose of leptin?

A

To inform the body when feeling full.
When leptin is high, a signal is sent to the Hypothalamus to stop eating.

35
Q

Where is leptin produced?

A

Fat cells

36
Q

What is the purpose of Ghrelin?

A

Stimulates food intake

37
Q

Where is Ghrelin produces?

A

The stomach

38
Q

True or False.
Ghrelin and Leptin are positively correlated.

A

False.
When leptin is low (not full), ghrelin is high (signal for hunger)

39
Q

Where is CKK produced?

A

The small intestine.

40
Q

What is the primary function of CKK?

A

To indicate satiety

41
Q

What did Morley et al. (1985) find in rats?

A

Rats indicated a feeling on satiety after no food consumption.
This was because CKK levels were high.

42
Q

How does Estrogen link to food intake?

A

High level of estrogen = Increased plasma volume.
Plasma volume effects energy intake and fat storage.

43
Q

How do estrogens effect fluid levels in the body?

A

Pregnancy.
- When pregnant, estrogen increases which increases blood volume.
- A deviation in a set point for a duration of time is normal, as the body requires more fluid.

44
Q
A
45
Q

What is Type 1 diabeties?

A

There are no cells which make Insulin, which means sugar cannot be stored

46
Q

What is Type 2 diabeties?

A

The body becomes resistent to Insulin, which means glucose cannot be stored.

47
Q

True or False.
What/ when we eat is controlled by a number of internal and external factors.

A

TRUE

48
Q

What does Moran (2009) suggest about food intake?

A

That eating is regulated by a number of internal AND external factors.

49
Q

Biologically, why do women cosume more sweet sustances than men?

A

During the follicular phase and after ovulation, women crave sweet substances- an evolutionary adaptation to provide energy for a growing fetus.

50
Q

What are the effects of androgens on energy consumption?

A

Androgens promote body mass, which leads to an increase in energy consumption.

51
Q

What did Wade (1976) state about androgens and energy consumption?

A

Androgens increases body mass, which leads to an increase in energy consumption.

52
Q

What hormone in men is linked to a higher energy consumption?

A

Androgens.

Biological Psychology (5 decks)

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