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Biological Psychology > Sex Differences and Sex Differences in Behaviour > Flashcards

Sex Differences and Sex Differences in Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 types of sex differentiation?

A

1) Hormonal
2) Morphalogical
3) Chromosomal
4) Gonadal

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1
Q

Where does sex difference occour?

A

At fertilization where chromosomal makeup is determined.

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2
Q

What are the two types of Chromosome pairs?

A

XX = Female
XY = Male

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3
Q

Define Mosaicism

A

When there is an abnormality with Chromosomal makeup, mosaicism alters the severity of symptoms.

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4
Q

What symptoms arise with an XXX (triple X) chromosomal makeup?

A

Appears as female, but its cognitively impaired, and appears taller than average.

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5
Q

How and when do the gonads develop?

A
  • At 6-7 weeks old.
  • The geminal ridge of the protokidney develops into the Gonads.
  • Default is always in a female direction, to the ovaries.
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6
Q

Describe the process how male development is initiated.

A
  • The SRY gene located on the Y chromosome activates.
  • This gene produce TDF proteins (Testies Determining Factor)
  • This causes the germinal ridge to develop on the testies.
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7
Q

What does morphological sex differences mean?

A

What the body appears like externally

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8
Q

What are the two morphological systems?

A

Wolfian System (Men) and Mullarian System (Women)

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9
Q

What consists of the Mullarian System?

A

Fallopian tubes, ovaries, cervix.

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10
Q

What consists of the Wolfian System?

A

Vas Difernes (connects testies to penis) and Seminal Vesicle (supplies in ejaculate).

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11
Q

How do hormones influence sex differentiation?

A

Androgens influence the development in a male direction.
Absense of androgens lead to female development.

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12
Q

List 5 affects that Testosterone characterise in Men?

A
  • Muscle growth
  • Bone formation
  • Mood
  • Memory function
  • Sex drive
  • Metabolism
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13
Q

What is an Androgen?

A

A group of hormones associated to men.

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14
Q

What is the name of cells which produce testosterone?

A

Leydig Cells.

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15
Q

Where does Testosterone derive from, and why?

A

Testosterone is derived from Cholesterol.
Because it is a steriod hormone

Cholesterol is the precurser for all vertebrae steriod hormones.

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16
Q

What are the three types of Estrogens?

A

1) Estrone (Hormones after menopause)
2) Estradoil (Steriod hormone produce from testosterone from the gonads)
3) Estroil (A by-product of pregnancy)

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17
Q

Define Estrogen Hormones.

A

Development and maintainance of female sexual characteristics.

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18
Q

Decribe Testosterone Synthesis in Women.

A
  • Testosterone is** converted to estradoil by aromatize enzymes.**
  • Produced by the ovaries and gonads
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19
Q

Describe the Testosterone Synthesis in Men

A
  • Leydig Cells in the Testies produce 95% of testosterone in men.
  • The remaining 5% is produced by Cortisol.
20
Q

What is Progesterone?

A

A hormone which influences the mentraul cycle, pregnancy, and development.

21
Q

How is Progesterone produced?

A

Through the Corpus Letum

22
Q

What is the Corpus Letum?

A
  • Where Progesterone is produced.
  • A temporary gland where the egg used to be which produces hormones until an egg implants and makes hormones itself.
23
Q

How does Estrogen occour in men?

A

Produced from Testosterone in the Testies.

24
Q

How does progesterone occour in men.

A

-Progesterone precurses from Cholesterol.
- Progesterone is converted to estradoil

25
Q

How do women control the amount of hormones in the body?

A

Cyclic gonadal functioning

26
Q

How do men control the amount of hormones in the body?

A

Constant reproductive function

27
Q

How are hormones controlled for in the body?

A

Through positive and negative feedback loops

28
Q

How is estrogen and progesterone controlled for in the menstrual cycle?

A
  • The Hypothalmus released GnRH, which signals the release of Gondatropins (LH and FSH) from the pituitary gland.
  • LH and FSH lead to higher concentrations of estrogen and progesterone.
  • This leads to the release of eggs.
  • Progesterone rises at this time. It either continues to rise, or returns to baseline.
  • This depends if an egg is fertilised.
29
Q

Describe the negative feedback loop in the menstraul cycle.

A
  • High levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit GnRH secretion, while low levels stimulate its release. - This negative feedback mechanism helps regulate the timing and duration of the menstrual cycle.
30
Q

Describe the positive feedback loop in the menstraul cycle.

A
  • As estrogen levels rise during the follicular phase, they eventually reach a threshold that triggers a positive feedback loop on the anterior pituitary, causing a surge in LH secretion.
  • This LH surge triggers ovulation, the release of a mature egg from the ovary.
31
Q

Describe the negative feedback loop in the male reproductive process.

A
  • Hypothalamus sends GnRH to pituitary, which releases LH and FSH.
  • This stimulates the testies the make testosterone.
  • Negative feedback loop = Hypothalmus and pituitary gland monitor testosterone release, in coordination with testosterone levels
32
Q

What are gonadotropins?

A

LH and FSH

33
Q

Where are gonadotropins released from?

A

The pituitary gland

34
Q

What does a sexually dimorphic behaviour mean?

A

Behaviours which are distinct between two sexes.

35
Q
A
36
Q

Name the study which explains sexually dimorphic behaviours.

A

Davidson (1966)

37
Q

Describe Davidson (1966) study.

A
  • Studied rats
  • Castrated the rat of testosterone.
  • Subsequently, the male rat did not assume the mounting position during sex.
  • If testosterone was reinstated, mounting was ressumed.
38
Q

Give 1 critique to Davidson (1966) findings.

A
  • When female rats were injected with Testosterone, they did not assume the mounting position.
  • There is more to behaviour than simply hormonal control.
39
Q

Explain the activational/ organisational hypothesis.

A

Steriod hormones can permanently organize the nervous system at some point during development. Later in adulthood, the same steriod hormone activates, modulates, or inhibits adult-typical male/female behaviours (changed from early exposure)

40
Q

Name the gold-standard study which explains the activational, organisational hypothesis.

A

Phonix et al. (1959)

41
Q

Describe the procedure and findings of Phonix et al. (1959) study.

A
  • Researchers injected pregnant guinea pig of testosterone to study the effects on the offspring.
  • In adulthood, offspring were gonadectomized (couldn’t produce hormones of their own) and injected with either testosterone or estrogen to observe mating behaviour.
  • Prenatal testosterone-injected females were less likely to assume the lordis position, and instead display mounting behaviour when treated with Testosterone.
42
Q

Why does estrogen have masculisation effects on male rats?

A
  • Testosterone is converted to estrogens through aromatisation.
  • Alpha-fetoprotein do not bind to androgen, so testosterone is aromatized to estrogen, having a masculine effect.
43
Q

Why are females not masculinised?

A
  • Estrogen is not high during female sex development.
  • AFP bind to estrogen in the mothers bloodstream in the womb.
  • The absence of high levels of testosterone allows for the development of female reproductive organs and the feminization of the brain, leading to typical female behavioral characteristics.
44
Q

What are alpha-fetoproteins?

A

Protects the feotus from estrogenic effects

45
Q

Name two other sources of behavioural sex differences.

A

1) Intra-uterine environment
2) Maternal Physiology

46
Q

What did Meisal and Ward (1981) find about the intra-uterine environment?

A
  • A rat’s ovaries are at the top, and the uterus is at the bottom.
  • Embryo’s line up ontop of each other when inside the mother.
  • Bloodflow passes through each embryo, leaving by-products and hormones behind.
  • If a female embryo is situated inbetween two male embryo’s, there is high exposure to Testosterone.
  • Female embryo is more likely to show male typical behaviours.
47
Q

What did Ward and Reed (1985) find about maternal physiology?

A
  • A mothers hormones can interfer with hormone production of their foetus.
  • Studied male rats, and stress levels in a mother.
  • Cortisol affected the androgen production of the foetus, reducing male-typical behaviour in adulthood.

Biological Psychology (5 decks)

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