stress Flashcards
Acute phase response
wide range of neuroendocrinal, physiological and metabolic changes that are initiated immediately after a tissue is afflicted with an infection or injury (e.g. trauma, burns, surgery, etc.
Fever, interleukin 6 produced by macrophages, increased blood counts of neutrophils and platelets, liver increases production of proteins such as C reactive protein ( CRP) ( protein that adheres to bacteria and promotes complement activation and phagocytosis
FBC encompasses..
Platelets - reactive thrombocytosis Total white cell count Neutrophils - neutrophilia Lymphocytes Eosinophils
How can FBC be used clinically
Monitoring the degree of inflammation and whether its getting worse or better = better when they start decreasing
What parts fo the brain do neuronal and cytokine signals stimulate
Cortex, limbic system, reticular formation and hypothalamus
Behavioural changes that come with neuronal and cytokine signals
HYPOTHALAMUS
STIMULATED
- Arousal
- Aggression
- Defence
- Vigilance
INHIBITIED
- Sexual activity
- Feeding
What does adrenaline act on and where’s it released from
Released from adrenal medulla
Acts on adrenoreceptors
2 types of adreno receptors
Alpa and beta
Alpha adrenoceptor
Relaxation of smooth muscle in wall of GI tract
Pupil dilates
Constriction of arterioles in skin and splahnic circulations - blood flow directed AWAY and towards skeletal muscle
beta adrenoceptors
Releaxation of smooth muscle in GI wall tract
Increased heart rate and contractility
Bronchodilation
Relaxation of bladder wall detrusor muscle
Dilation of arteriole in skeletal muscle
Other effects of adrenaline- alpha adrenoceptor
Hepatic gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
other effects of adrenaline -Beta adrenoceptor
Hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Lipolysis in adipose tissue
Renin secretion by the kidney
Where is adrenaline released from
Adrenal glands
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal cortex releases cortisol
Actions of cortex
Stimulates gluconeogenesis Stimulates protein catabolism Increase lipolysis Suppress immune response and inflammatory response Inhibits histamine release
SURVIVAL during fasting
Salt metabolism : stress response
Sympathetic stimulation of kidney leads to activation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system and sodium retention by the nephron
Water metabolism - stress response
Release of ADH from posterior pituatary gland causes water retention in the distal nephron
Actions of insulin
When nutrient avaliability exceeds demand, insulin ensures they are stored as glycogen in liver, fat in adipose and protein in muscle
associated with death in ICU
Hyperglycaemia
Catecholamines and cortisol stimulate hepatic glyconeogenolysis and gluoneogeneisis elevating blood glucose
Decreased insulin production = glucose used by heart and brain
Elevated glucose concs
Cytokine balance
Balance between pro and anti inflammatory cytokines
What are anti inflammatory cytokines involved in
Allergy Neurological diseases Sepsis Cancer Autoiimmune diseases CV diseases Metabolic disorders
Inflammatory cytokines are involved in ..
Productive immune response
Systemci inflammatory response syndrome signs
temp more than 38 degrees or less than 36 degrees
Heart rate of more than 90bpm
Repriatory rate of more than 20 breaths per minute
Abnormal white blood cell count
