stress

Question 1

Acute phase response

Answer 1

wide range of neuroendocrinal, physiological and metabolic changes that are initiated immediately after a tissue is afflicted with an infection or injury (e.g. trauma, burns, surgery, etc.

Fever, interleukin 6 produced by macrophages, increased blood counts of neutrophils and platelets, liver increases production of proteins such as C reactive protein ( CRP) ( protein that adheres to bacteria and promotes complement activation and phagocytosis

Question 2

FBC encompasses..

Answer 2

Platelets - reactive thrombocytosis 
Total white cell count 
Neutrophils - neutrophilia
Lymphocytes 
Eosinophils

Question 3

How can FBC be used clinically

Answer 3

Monitoring the degree of inflammation and whether its getting worse or better = better when they start decreasing

Question 4

What parts fo the brain do neuronal and cytokine signals stimulate

Answer 4

Cortex, limbic system, reticular formation and hypothalamus

Question 5

Behavioural changes that come with neuronal and cytokine signals
HYPOTHALAMUS

Answer 5

STIMULATED

• Arousal
• Aggression
• Defence
• Vigilance

INHIBITIED

• Sexual activity
• Feeding

Question 6

What does adrenaline act on and where’s it released from

Answer 6

Released from adrenal medulla

Acts on adrenoreceptors

Question 7

2 types of adreno receptors

Answer 7

Alpa and beta

Question 8

Alpha adrenoceptor

Answer 8

Relaxation of smooth muscle in wall of GI tract
Pupil dilates
Constriction of arterioles in skin and splahnic circulations - blood flow directed AWAY and towards skeletal muscle

Question 9

beta adrenoceptors

Answer 9

Releaxation of smooth muscle in GI wall tract
Increased heart rate and contractility
Bronchodilation
Relaxation of bladder wall detrusor muscle
Dilation of arteriole in skeletal muscle

Question 10

Other effects of adrenaline- alpha adrenoceptor

Answer 10

Hepatic gluconeogenesis

glycogenolysis

Question 11

other effects of adrenaline -Beta adrenoceptor

Answer 11

Hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Lipolysis in adipose tissue
Renin secretion by the kidney

Question 12

Where is adrenaline released from

Answer 12

Adrenal glands
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal cortex releases cortisol

Question 13

Actions of cortex

Answer 13

Stimulates gluconeogenesis 
Stimulates protein catabolism 
Increase lipolysis 
Suppress immune response and inflammatory response
Inhibits histamine release 

SURVIVAL during fasting

Question 14

Salt metabolism : stress response

Answer 14

Sympathetic stimulation of kidney leads to activation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system and sodium retention by the nephron

Question 15

Water metabolism - stress response

Answer 15

Release of ADH from posterior pituatary gland causes water retention in the distal nephron

Question 16

Actions of insulin

Answer 16

When nutrient avaliability exceeds demand, insulin ensures they are stored as glycogen in liver, fat in adipose and protein in muscle

associated with death in ICU

Question 17

Hyperglycaemia

Answer 17

Catecholamines and cortisol stimulate hepatic glyconeogenolysis and gluoneogeneisis elevating blood glucose

Decreased insulin production = glucose used by heart and brain

Elevated glucose concs

Question 18

Cytokine balance

Answer 18

Balance between pro and anti inflammatory cytokines

Question 19

What are anti inflammatory cytokines involved in

Answer 19

Allergy 
Neurological diseases
Sepsis 
Cancer 
Autoiimmune diseases 
CV diseases 
Metabolic disorders

Question 20

Inflammatory cytokines are involved in ..

Answer 20

Productive immune response

Question 21

Systemci inflammatory response syndrome signs

Answer 21

temp more than 38 degrees or less than 36 degrees
Heart rate of more than 90bpm
Repriatory rate of more than 20 breaths per minute
Abnormal white blood cell count