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CBL endocrine > lectures 1 > Flashcards

lectures 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the endocrine system do

A

Cell communication
Control system
Controls major body processes- growth, homeostasis, reproduction, adaptation to stress, behaviour

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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones DIRECTLY into the blood stream upon stimulation
Internal secretion

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3
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete into ducts

Highly vascularised

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4
Q

3 arrangements of endocrine tissues

A

Endocrine organ devoted to hormone synthesis
Distinct clusters of cells within an organ eg islets of langerhans
Individual cells scattered diffusely throughout an organ eg GI tract

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5
Q

major endocrine glands

A

Thyroid, hypothalamus, gonad, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas,
Parathyroid and pancreas are NOT under control of the pituatry

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6
Q

Hypothalamus major hormone products

A

Inhibiting factors

Growth hormones etc

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7
Q

Posterior pituitary major hormone products

A

ADH, AVP

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8
Q

Anterior pituitary major hormone products

A

ACTH, growth hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, LH, TSH

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9
Q

Thyroid gland major hormone products

A

Thyroxine, calcitonin

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10
Q

Parathyroid gland major hormone products

A

PTH

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11
Q

Adrenal glands major hormone products

A

Adrenaline and cortisol

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12
Q

Pancreas major hormone products

A

Glucagon and insulin

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13
Q

Gonads major hormone products

A

Progesterone, oestrogen and testosterone

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14
Q

Autocrine hormone

A

Same cell

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15
Q

Paracrine hormone

A

Neighbouring cell

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16
Q

Endocrine hormone

A

Into blood circulation

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17
Q

Neuroendocrine hormone

A

From neurones into circulation

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18
Q

Chemical nature of hormones is related to…?

A 
How they're synthesised and secreted 
Nature of hormone receptor they bind to 
Ability to bind to other proteins 
How they partition in tissues 
How. they're degraded
19
Q

2 main chemical classes of hormones

A

Steroid and non steroid

20
Q

Steroid hormones example

A

Oestroens, androgens, progestogens

21
Q

Non steroid hormone groups

A

Peptides
AMines
Glycoproteins
Polypeptide/proteins

22
Q

How do peptide and steroid hormones differ? - structure and solubility

A

Peptide - chains of amino acids
Steroid - cholesterol derived

Peptide - hydrophilic
Steroid - lipophilic

23
Q

Synthesis and storage - peptide vs steroid hormones

A

Peptide - gene transcription
Steroid - de novo biosynthesis

Peptide - large amounts in secretory granules
Steroid - not stored

24
Q

Secretion and transport in blood - peptide vs steroid hormones

A

peptide - exocytosis
steroid - simple diffusion

peptide - free hormone
steroid - bound to transport proteins

25
Q

Receptor and mechanism of action

A

peptide - activation of second messenger system to alter activity of existing proteins
steroid - activation of specific genes to produce new proteins

peptide 0 cell surface receptor
steroid - intracellular receptor

26
Q

Hypothalamus pituatry axis

A

Interface between CNS and endocrine system
Neuroendocirne control and regulation of: stress and immune function, reproduction, growth and development, water and electrolyte balance, sleep etc

27
Q

Hypothalamus boundaries

A

Anterior = optic chasm
Posterior - mammilary bodies
Superior = thalamus
Inferior= median eminence

28
Q

Divisions of the hypothalamus

A

Divided into anatomical nuclei : bilateral either side of the 3rd ventricle eg paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei which regulate pituitary

29
Q

what cells does hypothalamus contain

A

Hypothalamic neurosecretory cells ( modified neurones) which release peptides from Axon terminals adjacent to capillaries

30
Q

Where are peptides released from in hypothalamus

A

Median eminence or posterior pituitary

31
Q

2 glands within the pituatry

A

Posterior lobe - DIRECT CONTROL

Anterior lobe - INDIRECT CONTROL

32
Q

Posterior lobe ( direct control )

A

Direct innervation from hypothalamus
Neural tissue comprises axons and nerve terminal endings of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells
Releases ADH

33
Q

Anterior lobe ( indirect control)

A

Indirect control
Glandular tissue comprises cells controlled by releasing hormones ( or inhibitory factors) delivered via hypo physical portal system
Releases ACTH, LH, TSH, Growth hormone

34
Q

Blood supply to the pituatry

A

Inferior hypophysial arteries to posterior

Hypophysial portal system to anterior

35
Q

How Many hormones does the pituatry secrete

A

8 hormones

36
Q

Hormones secreted by posterior lobe

A

Oxytocin

Agrinine- vasopressin ( adh)

37
Q

Hormones secreted by anterior love

A 
TROPIC action ( regulate another gland)
- FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

other hormones: growth hormone and prolactin

38
Q

What is the tripartite neuroendocrine system

A

Control over thyroid, adrenal and gonads

39
Q

What does the HP axis depend on

A 
Feedforward drive( increased hormone output) 
Hormone negative feedback
40
Q

What are biorhythms

A

Rythms of hormone release dependent on neural input from rhythm generators in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus( SCN)

41
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive production and passing of urine

May be seen with polydipsia( excessive thirst)

42
Q

diabetes mellitus- polyuria

A

Osmotic diuresis( glycosuria) causes increased passive water loss

43
Q

Diabetes inspidus - polyuria

A

When thirst and polyuria result from arginine vasopressin deficiency ( inability to concentrate urine)

44
Q

What does hypothalamic inputs dependent on

A

Biorhythms and stress

CBL endocrine (8 decks)

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