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NMSK1 - physio 1 > strength and endurance > Flashcards

strength and endurance Flashcards

1
Q

what is the definition of therapuetic exercise?

A
  • execution of planned physical movements, postures or activities intended to enable the client to
  • prevent impairments
  • improve, restore or enhance physical function
  • optimise overall health status, fitness etc
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2
Q

what is muscle strength?

A
  • muscle strength is the ability of the skeletal muscle to develop force for the purpose of** providing stability and mobility** within the MSK system **so that functional movement can take place **
  • capacity to exert force and the ability to do work against resistance
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3
Q

what are examples of factors that determine muscle strength?

A
  • **age / fitness **of subject
    *** psychological factors **
  • strength or stiffness of connective tissue
  • type of contraction - eg eccentric creates more force
  • **length of muscle **- rememeber optimal length produces max force
  • **speed of contraction **- depends on eccentric and concentric
  • no and size of motor units activated
  • **cross sectional area **of muscle - ie no of sarcomeres
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4
Q

what is endurance?

A
  • the ability to perform** repeated contractions against a sub maximal load** or to continue a particular task accurately for a **prolonged period of time **
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5
Q

what is endurance influenced by?

A
  • strength
  • fatty tissue
  • circulatory / respiratory system
  • lactic acid tolernace
  • body type
  • gender
  • age
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6
Q

what is ‘passive’ exercise?

give example

A
  • movement produced entirely by an external force with the absense of voluntary muscle activity performed by the patient
  • ie patient is not contracting muscle themselves
  • eg continous passive machine
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7
Q

what is assisted active exercise?

A
  • movement is produced in part by an external force but is complemented by use of voluntary muscle contraction
  • ie the patient performs the exercise to the best of their ability, only requiring the assistance of a helper to complete the full ROM, or reduce resistance by support etc
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8
Q

what is free active exercise & what number on the oxford scale is it used for?

A
  • movement that is produced solely by use of the individuals voluntary muscle contraction
  • used as strengthening for grade 2 and above or to mobilise structures
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9
Q

what is resistance exercise?

A
  • any form of active exercise in which dynamic or static muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force applied either **manually or mechanically **
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10
Q

why is exercise safety extremely important for rehab?

A
  • we want to prevent any further injury
  • the patient needs to know exactly what they are doing - correct form etc
  • environment must be safe - eg no weights on floor or fall risks etc
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11
Q

what is the acronym for remembering the strengthening principles?

A
  • SNAP
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12
Q

what are the strengthening principles?

SNAP

A
  • S- specific exercises - adaptions are specific to the muscles trained
  • No pain
  • Attainable goals - realistic and achievable goals
  • P- progressive overload
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13
Q

what is the progressive overload principle?

A
  • progression - act of moving forward or advancing toward a specific goal
  • a load that exceeds the metabolic capacity of the muscle must be applied - ie the muscle must be challanged
  • gradually increasing the weight, frequency or intensity of training
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14
Q

what is the repeptition maximum (RM)?

A
  • The maximum amount of weight a muscle can lift for that specified number of repetitions
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15
Q

compare 1RM vs 10RM

A
  • 1RM - max weight that can be lifted once
  • 10RM - max weight that can be lifted ten times
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16
Q

what kind of intensity and volume are needed in strength vs endurance training?

A
  • strength - high force / low reps
  • endurance - low force and high reps
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17
Q

what are examples of manual resistance?

A
  • therapist gives resistance
  • other person applies resistance
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18
Q

what is proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)?

A
  • a stretching technique utilised to to improve muscle elasticity - has a positive effect on AROM and PROM
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19
Q

what are examples of mechanical resistance?

A
  • suspension therapy (all or part of the body is suspended in air by ropes and slings)
  • free weights (free objects that arent attached to anything)
  • pulleys
  • springs
  • theraband
  • isokinetic equipment
  • aquatic physiotherapy
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20
Q

what are advantages of manual resistance exercise applied by the physio?

A
  • most effective in early rehab
  • ROM is controlled by the physio
  • useful for dynamic and static strengthening
  • muscle works max throughout ROM
21
Q

what are the guidelines for the physio for manual resistance?

A
  • adjustable plinth
  • assume position close to pt to avoid stresses on back
  • wide base of support
  • stabilise proximal attachment of contracting muscle while applying resistance distally to moving segment
22
Q

what are verbal commands that the physio should use for resisting isometric, concentric and eccentric exercise?

A
  • isometric - hold / dont let me move you
  • concentric - push or pull
  • eccentric - slowly let go as i push or pull you
23
Q

what are the disadvantages of manual resistance supplied by the physio?

A
  • the load is subjective - depends on the strength of the physio
  • cannot be performed independently by patient
  • labour and time intensive for therapist
24
Q

what is self resistance?

A
  • when the patient** uses their own body weight **
  • no equipment
  • can be performed anywhere
25
Q

what are the advantages of mechanical resistance?

A
  • intermediate or advanced phase of rehab
  • heavy loads can be used
  • practical for muscular endurance
  • establishes a quantitative baseline - ie what weight can they use etc
  • HEP - home exercise program
26
Q

what are the disadvantages to mechanical resistance?

A
  • not appropriate when muscles are weak or soft tissue is in the early stage of healing
  • max loading at one point in rom - constant resistance
  • expensive for purchase and maintenance
27
Q

what is suspension therapy?

A
  • parts of the body are** supported in slings and elevated** by the use of variable length ropes fived to a point above the body
  • frees the body from friction
  • permits free movement without resistance
  • used in early rehab
28
Q

what are the 2 types of fixation for suspension therapy?

A
  • vertical
  • axial fixation
29
Q

Describe **vertical fixation **for suspension therapy

A
  • rope is fixed vertically above the centre of gravity of part to be suspended
30
Q

descrive** axial fixation** in suspension

A
  • rope is attached to ‘S’ hook which is fixed to a point immediately above the centre of joint to be moved
31
Q

what are examples of free weights?

A
  • dumbbells
  • barbells
  • cuff weights
  • weighted vests
  • sand bags
32
Q

what is the optimal patient position for free weights?

A
  • when the pull of gravity is perpendicular to the lever arm, resistance is ar its greatest
33
Q

what are the characteristics of an exercise pulley unit?

A
  • constant load imposed - maximally challeneges the contracting muscle at only 1 portion of rom when patient is in particular position
34
Q

what are advantages and disad’s of exercise pulley systems?

A

advans - exercises can be set up in many positions
disadvans- may only allow limited progression

35
Q

what are the advantages of using a theraband?

A
  • inexpensive
  • ideal for home exercise program
  • not gravity dependent - exercises in many combinations of movement patterns
  • moderate to fast velocities are safe
36
Q

what are the disadvantages to using therabands?

A
  • difficult to select grade initially
  • material fatigue
  • allergy to latex
  • no source of stabilisation
37
Q

what are the advantages and disadvans of weight stack machines?

A
  1. advans - allows progression, puts user in correct position, suitable for many muscle groups
  2. disadvantages - expensive, not accessible to all, difficulty to use with wheelchairs
38
Q

what are hydrualic or air pressure machines?

A
  • Hydraulic resistance exercise equipment uses cylinders filled with a liquid to generate resistance.
  • The resistance generated is equal to the force applied across the full range of movement. This equipment is usually very low cost.
39
Q

what is isokinetic training?

A
  • Isokinetic training is a type of exercise training that uses a special machine.
  • The exercise machine creates different levels of resistance. That way, your movements are at a constant speed, no matter how much force you apply.
  • Whatever your strength level is, the machine can always match the amount of force you apply.
40
Q

what are closed chain exercises & give examples ?

A
  • the segment furthest away from the body** is fixed to an object **

eg squat, deadlift, lunges, leg presses

41
Q

what are open chain exercises?

A
  • the segment furthest away from the body (eg the foot) is free and not fixed to an object
  • are good for isolating movements
  • eg seated knee extension, glute kick back, seated leg curl
42
Q

what is isometric contraction?

A
  • static contraction - no movement
  • no change in muscle length (iso metric = same length)
  • no external work
  • maximal or submaximal contraction
43
Q

what is isotonic (concentric and eccentric) muscle contraction?

A
  • dynamic contractions - there is movement
  • change in length - concentric involves shortening and eccentric involves lengthening of muscle
  • external work involved
  • length tension - greatest force produced in mid range of movement
  • muscle is weaskest at extremeties of range
44
Q

what are advantages of isometric strength training?

A
  • little or no equipment needed
  • little danger of causing joint irritation
  • can be performed on any muscle
  • easy to learn
45
Q

what are the disadvantages of isometric strength training?

A
  • limited patient feedback
  • muscle endurnace do not occur
  • not related to function
  • strength increases are specifically at the angle of the joint during the isometric exercise - not going through the full rom - only really within 20 degrees
46
Q

what are the advantages of isotonic strength training?

A
  • strength develops maximally throughout the ROM, although not maximally at all points in range eg inner, outer etc
  • enhanced muscle endurance
  • eccentric and concentric components
  • equipment is easy to use
47
Q

what are the disadvantages of isotonic strength training?

A
  • equipment can be expensive - eg weights
  • difficult to control exercise
  • there is a danger of overloading or overexerting the muscle
  • muscle may be loaded in the weakest part of range
48
Q

what are advans and disadvans of isokinetic strength training?

A
  • advans - max overload of muscle throughout ROM, exercise at varying speeds, accomocates to pain and fatigue
  • disadvans- equipment is expensive, need a trained person to operate equipment and also time consuming

NMSK1 - physio 1 (36 decks)

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