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NMSK1 - physio 1 > cancer > Flashcards

cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what is cancer?

A

a disease caused by cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues

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2
Q

what is a neoplasm (tumour)?

A

**uncontrolled cell proliferation leading to a mass or nodule **

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3
Q

how are neoplasms classified?

A
  • benign - localised, wont spread, patient will usually survive - but there are exceptions
  • malignant - aggresive, can invade other structures, can spread via metastasis
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4
Q

compare uncontrolled / controlled cell proliferation

A
  • controlled - hyperplasia
  • uncontrolled - neoplasia - leading
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5
Q

how are malignant neoplasms/ tumours classfied?

A
  • primary tumour - growing at the site at which the tumour began
  • secondary tumour/metastasis - a tumour that has spread
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6
Q

what are the most common types of primary malignancies?

A
  • carcinoma - malignant neoplasms of epithelial structures
  • lymphoma - malignant neoplasms arising from wbcs’s or lymphoid tissue
  • sarcoma- malignant neoplasms arising from connective tissue
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7
Q

how do benign neoplasms present?

A
  • lump- slow growing
  • bleeding - sometimes
  • pain
  • mass effect - eg benign ovarian tumours can sometimes cause GIT obstruction
  • a lot of benign tumours are incidental findings - found when something else is being investigated
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8
Q

what is an example of a benign neoplasm which may not be cured by surgery?

A

a benign tumour in the CNS

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9
Q

what are examples of malignant neoplasm?

A
  • carcinoma - epithelial tissue
  • lymphoma - lymphoid tissue
  • melanoma - skin tissue
  • sarcoma - connective tissue
  • others - eg brain tumours CNS, germ cell tumours
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10
Q

what is the most common type of cancer in women?

A

breast

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11
Q

what is the most common cancer in men?

A

prostate

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12
Q

what are examples of environmental factors that cause cancer?

A
  • infectious agents
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • dietary factors
  • obesity
  • oestrogen exposure
  • carcinogens - eg UV radiation
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13
Q

what are examples of cancers that can happen as a result of inherited factors?

A
  • colonic carcinoma
  • breast carcinoma
  • melonma
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14
Q

what are protooncogenes?

A

normal genes that produce proteins that regulate proliferation

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15
Q

what are oncogenes?

A
  • a mutated form of proto-oncogenes
  • they promote autonomous cell growth in cancer cells
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16
Q

what are tumour suppressor genes?

A
  • genes that encode a protein that acts to regulate cell proliferation and division
17
Q

what are the effects of carcinogens on protooncogene and tumour suppressor genes?

A
  • carcinogens alter the protooncogene and therefore alter its activity on cell proliferation and cause cancer
  • they also can inactivate tumour suppressor genes therby reducing their suppressive effects on cell growth and thereby allowing tumours to develop
18
Q

how is cancer diagnosed?

A
  • doctor will take history and physical exam
  • radiology - imaging
  • patients will be sent for a tissue sample - eg biopsy, fluid sample, fine needle aspiration (needle placed into organ eg thyroid gland)
19
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

abnormal cells present within a tissue but not involving the entire thickness of the tissue

20
Q

what is cancer in situ?

A
  • abnormal cells involving the entire thickness of the tissue BUT they dont extend beyond the tissue itself
21
Q

what is invasive cancer?

A
  • abnormal cells extending into surrounding tissue
22
Q

what is a carcinoma?

A
  • malignant tumour of epithelium
  • can be divided into in situ or invasive
  • eg inner lining of GIT, lungs etc
23
Q

how are carcinomas classified?

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma - eg of the skin and lung
  • adenocaricnoma - glandular epithelium eg colon rectal cancer
  • urothelial cell carcinoma - arises from the urothelial cells of the bladder
  • basal cell carcinoma - arise from the basal cells of the squamous epithelium of the skin
  • undifferentiated - tumours where we cant determine what the cell of origin was
24
Q

what are the clinical presentations of a primary malignant neoplasm (hasnt spread yet)?

A
  • mass - eg cancer of the breast
  • bleeding eg hemoptysis - lung cancer, melena (blood in stool), PV (vagina) bleeding - gynacological
  • loss of function- eg pathological fracture due to bone tumour
25
Q

what does prognosis mean?

A

a medical term for predicting the likelihood of a disease

26
Q

where are examples of sites in the body in which metastasis occurs?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • lungs
  • bone
  • liver
  • brain
27
Q

what are examples of metastatic effects?

A
  • jaundice- yellowing of skin
  • bone pain or fracture
  • cerebral stroke
  • pneumonia
  • lymphadenopathy - eg when breast cancer spreads to the axillary lymph nodes - results in a nodule under the arm
28
Q

what are the 3 main routes in the body in which cancer can spread?

A
  • direct - to adjacent structures
  • lymphatic
  • blood vessel - eg colorectal can spread to liver via veins
29
Q

compare stage vs grade of tumour

A
  • stage - how far the tumour has spread
  • grade - what does the tumour look like - eg low grade would look like the normal cells in that area
30
Q

what is the international TNM classification?

what is T, N& M

A
  • T- tumour size/spread
  • N- nodes
  • M- metastasis?
31
Q

what does the treament of malignant neoplasms involve?

A
  • surgery
  • radiotherapy
  • immunotherapy
  • chemotherapy
  • targeted therapy eg herceptin used to treat HER2 positive breast carcinomas
32
Q

what is a sarcoma?

A

malignant tissue of connective tissue
rare tumours - eg primary bone tumours

33
Q

what are malignant melanomas?

A
  • malignant tumours in the melanocytes in the dermis of the skin
  • can occur in the skin, anal margin, eye or very rarely in the oesophagus
34
Q

what are the physiotherapy issues related to malignancy?

A

POST OP
* patients can develop** pneumonia** after surgery
*** mobility issues **following surgery
* **stroke **- patient may have cerebrovascural events
* breast cancer patients - who get their axillary lymph nodes removed - they may develop lymphodema and need physio help
* patients who have had bone tumours - may have had to get a **limb amputation **

NMSK1 - physio 1 (36 decks)

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