street drugs

Question 1

what strategies are most commonly used to investigate the effect of drugs on the brain

Answer 1

we use clinical and human subjects and look at the drug on receptors and on signalling cascades

Question 2

what makes some drugs more addictive

Answer 2

drug that illicit a drug strong dopamine effect and has a strong positive reinforcement

Question 3

what is the unstimulated pathway system

Answer 3

usually the GABA receptor is on and this will inhibit the release of dopamine to the nucleus accumbens

Question 4

what happens when the GABA receptor is turned off

Answer 4

when a drug or endogenous compounds turn off the gaba receptor, a dopamine is released to the nucleus accumbens and this is what is responsible for the euphoric feeling we experience

Question 5

where are the receptors located for CBD

Answer 5

CB1 located in hippocampus and somatosensoru cortex

Question 6

pharmacodynamics of marijuana

Answer 6

THC binds to CB1 and CB2 receptors located in the CNS
after THC binds to receptor, there is an activation of presynaptic CB1 receptor that will prevent the release of some neurotransmitters

Question 7

what endogenous ligands do THC mimic

Answer 7

anandamide and retrograde synaptic messengers

Question 8

mechanism of action of opiods

Answer 8

mimic endogenous peptides and bind to opiod receptors and reduce neuron excitability

Question 9

mechanism of misuse

Answer 9

tolerance and withdrawal.
they activate the opiod receptor in reward pathway and trigger dopamine release by disinhibition

Question 10

physiological effect of morphine

Answer 10

used for pain relief
respiratory depression
euphoric feeling pupil constriction and nausea
reduce GI constrictions

Question 11

Pharmacokinetics of morphine

Answer 11

has significant first pass metabolism
short half life and experience max effect in first 30 mins

Question 12

what is vicodine

Answer 12

opiod derivative that is made hydrocodone and acetaminophen

Question 13

what p450 transforms codeine into morphine

Answer 13

CYP2D6

Question 14

opiod derivatives

Answer 14

vicodine
fentanyl
oxycodone

Question 15

heroin

Answer 15

semi-synthetic drug that is 3 times more potent

Question 16

heroin is converted into morphine by ______

Answer 16

DME, hydrolysis

Question 17

heroin pharmacokinetics

Answer 17

lipid soluble
immediate onset of action via injection
4 hr duration of action

Question 18

what are the effects of heroin

Answer 18

euphoria
sedation
respiratory depression
pupil constriction
nausea and constipation

Question 19

We know that heroin can cause severe withdrawal, how can we mediate these effects for someone looking to come off heroin

Answer 19

pharmacotherapy, which involves replacement therapy with methadone maintenance

Question 20

synthetic opiods

Answer 20

perscription drugs used for the treatment of chronic pain

fentanyl and oxycontin

Question 21

what is oxycontin being replaced with

Answer 21

a tamper proof version known as oxyneo

Question 22

what is the usual route of administration for fentanyl

Answer 22

patch

Question 23

benzodiazepines

Answer 23

these are sedative, hypnotic muscle relaxers and anti-seizure medications

Question 24

what type of drug class do benzodiazepines fall into

Answer 24

positive allosteric modulators of GABAa receptor

Question 25

what are the effects of positive allosteric modulators of GABAa

Answer 25

Gaba a when turned on will prevent the uptake and release of dopamine and the positive allosteric modulator will carry agonist effects, facilitating actions for the activity of gaba a

Question 26

what are speed balls and what type of drug is commonlyused

Answer 26

speed balls refer to a drug combination with a stimulant and a depressant.
benzodiazepines are commonly used

Question 27

what is so dangerous about speedballs `

Answer 27

they may increase risk of overdose because if you combine too many drugs with opposing effects, you may take more of one without knowing its being counter-attacked by opposing drug

Question 28

physiological effect of gabaergic drugs (gaba activity inducer)

Answer 28

respiratory depression and sedation

Question 29

what are the biggest dangers of benzodiazepines

Answer 29

you can develop a tolerance to them and serious withdrawals

Question 30

ketamine

Answer 30

congener of phencyclidine sometimes used as an anesthetic in pediatric cases. but most common used in severe cases of depression

Question 31

effects of ketamine

Answer 31

in low doses it can cause numbness in high doses, it can result in hallucinations and out of body experiences

Question 32

pyschostimulants

Answer 32

amphetamines
cocaine
methamphetamine
ecstasy

Question 33

amphetamine

Answer 33

mimic nano-epinephrines that result in a speed up in the system