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Thermo Lecture 1 > Stratigraphy > Flashcards

Stratigraphy Flashcards

1
Q

the study of temporal and spatial relationships between bodies of sedimentary rocks.

A

Stratigraphy

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2
Q

What is the goal of Stratigraphic analysis?

A

to establish the temporal sequence of
sedimentary rocks in the area under investigation

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3
Q

Enumerate the Principles of Stratigraphy

A
  1. Law of Super Position
  2. Law of Original Horizontality
  3. Lateral Continuity
  4. Cross-Cutting Relationships
  5. Inclusion
  6. Unconformity
  7. Law of Faunal Succession
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4
Q

the oldest layer is at the base and that the layers are progressively younger with ascending order in the sequence.

A

Law of Super Position

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5
Q

all rock layers are originally laid down (deposited) horizontally and can later be deformed.

A

Law of Original Horizontality

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6
Q

all rock layers are laterally continuous and may be broken up or displaced by later events

A

Lateral Continuity

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7
Q

younger rocks cut across older rocks.

A

Cross-Cutting Relationships

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8
Q

any rock fragments that are included in rock must be older than the rock in which they are included.

A

Inclusion

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9
Q

represents a long period during which deposition ceased, erosion removed previously formed rocks, and then deposition resumed. In each case, uplift and erosion are followed by subsidence and renewed sedimentation.

A

Unconformity

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10
Q

states that a species appears, exists for a time, and then goes extinct. Time periods are often recognized by the type of fossils you see in them.

A

Law of Faunal Succession

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11
Q

determining a sequence of events occurred in the history of earth using the evidence of organic evolution in the sedimentary rocks accumulated through geologic time.

A

Dating

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12
Q

it is when rocks and events are put in correct order of sequence relative to one another.

A

Relative Dating

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13
Q

the age of rocks units are determined precisely in years using the rate of decay of naturally occurring radioactive elements.

A

Absolute Dating

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14
Q

usually a product of interpretation of other stratigraphic analysis of the basin. Its ultimate aim is to arrange the sequence of deposition and the time of deposition of all rocks within a geological region.

A

Chronostratigraphy

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15
Q

uses fossils to establish relative ages of rock and correlative successions of sedimentary rocks within and between depositional basins.

A

Biostratigraphy

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16
Q

is an interval of geologic
strata characterized by certain fossil taxa.

A

Biozone

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17
Q

fossils that are used in petroleum industry

A

Microfossils,
Nanofossils, and Palynomorphs

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18
Q

relies on the correlation of rocks of the same characteristics. Most maligned stratigraphic method and also the oldest of them all.

A

Lithostratigraphy

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19
Q

the study of seismic data for the purpose of extracting stratigraphic information.

A

Seismic/Tectonic Stratigraphy

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20
Q

Generated by the accumulation of sediments in a basin wherein major changes brought about by the tectonics in the area affects the gross structure of sediment package

A

Seismic/Tectonic Stratigraphy

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21
Q

enumerate the Different Margins Identified by Tectonic Stratigraphy

A
  1. Rift Basins
  2. Passive Margins
  3. Foreland Basins
  4. Wrench Systems
22
Q

packages of sediment deposited before, during, and after the active rift phase can often be clearly identified on regional seismic lines

A

Rift Basins

23
Q

a development of a successful rift. It can develop over a substantial period of time, thus, the megasequence can be enormously thick

A

Passive Margins

24
Q

forms contemporaneously with the flexuring of the lithosphere caused by thrust loading. The shape is commonly elongate parallel to the thrust belt.

A

Foreland Basins

25
Q

Megasequences developed during strike-slip are commonly of small aerial extent. The sequences may be symmetric, as in transtensional systems, or asymmetric, as in transpressional systems.

A

Wrench Systems

26
Q

involves the geochemical classification and correlation of sedimentary strata by using
major and trace element geochemistry, which is highly helpful when applied to sequence with poor biostratigraphic control.

A

Chemostratigraphy

27
Q

a geophysical correlation technique used to date sedimentary and volcanic sequences. The method works by collecting oriented samples at measured intervals throughout the section and analyzing the magnetic polarity of each sample

A

Magnetostratigraphy

28
Q

a branch of sedimentary stratigraphy that deals with the order or sequence in which depositionally related stratal successions (time-rock) units were laid down in the available space or accommodation. It is developed from seismic stratigraphy.

A

Sequence Stratigraphy

29
Q

a geologic event in which sea level rises relative to the land and the shoreline moves toward higher ground, resulting in flooding. It can be caused by either the land sinking or the ocean basin filling with water.

A

Transgression

30
Q

a geological process occurring when areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above the sea level.

A

Regression

31
Q

a sedimentary rock that contains sufficient organic matter such that when it is buried and heated, it will produce petroleum

A

Source Rock

32
Q

chemical composition of organic matter is diverse because the organisms from which it is derived are complex

A

Organic Matter

33
Q

What is the primary requirement for the preservation of organic matter in source rocks?

A

Anoxic conditions

34
Q

What is the primary source of lipids that contribute to hydrocarbon generation?

A

Chlorophyll

35
Q

are fatty organic compounds, insoluble in water, and found in most abundance in algae, pollen, and spores.

A

Lipids

36
Q

a class of hydrocarbon polymers consisting of aliphatic and aromatic structures.

A

Lignins

37
Q

The two basic requirements for the generation and preservation of organic matter in sediments

A
  1. high productivity of organic matter
  2. oxygen deficiency of the water column and the sea level (anoxic depositional environment)
38
Q

Enumerate Depositional Environment with High OM Productivity

A
  1. Continental Margins
  2. Lagoons and Restricted Seas
  3. Deltas in Warm Margins
  4. Lakes
39
Q

Two Types of Organic Matter

A

Bitumen
Kerogen

40
Q

composed of compounds that are soluble
in organic solvents.

A

Bitumen

41
Q

most abundant organic component on
earth

A

Kerogen

42
Q

Four (4) Types of Kerogen

A
  1. Liptinite
  2. Exinite
  3. Vitrinite
  4. Inertinite
43
Q

has a high hydrogen to carbon ratio but a low oxygen to carbon ratio; It is rich in lipids; fluoresces under UV light.

A

Liptinite

44
Q

has intermediate hydrogen to carbon and oxygen to carbon ratios; The source is mainly membranous plant debris (spores, pollen, and cuticle), and phytoplankton and bacterial microorganisms in marine sediments; fluoresces under UV light; high proportion of sulfur and is termed Type II-S kerogen.

A

Exinite

44
Q

has a low ratio of hydrogen and high ratio of oxygen relative to carbon; the primary source is higher plant debris found in coals and/or coaly sediments; does not fluoresce under UV light

A

Vitrinite

45
Q

Which depositional environment is associated with high organic matter productivity?

A

Continental margins

45
Q

is the non-fluorescing product of any of kerogens; It is high in carbon and very low in hydrogen, and is often termed “dead-carbon,” having no effective potential to yield oil and gas.

A

Inertinite

46
Q

Type 2 kerogen is derived from which sources?

A

Membranous plant debris and marine microorganisms

47
Q

Which type of kerogen is primarily derived from higher plant debris?

A

Vitrinite (Type 3)

48
Q

What does the principle of faunal succession imply?

A

Fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and recognizable
order

49
Q

The lipid group contains a special group of compounds called ______________, which are found in chlorophyll and include ___________ and ____________.

A

isoprenoids, pristane, phytane

Thermo Lecture 1 (5 decks)

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