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CLINICAL MICROSCOPY > Strasinger_Physical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

Strasinger_Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Physical examination of urine includes:

A

color
clarity
specific gravity

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2
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Recent fluid consumption

A

Colorless

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3
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Polyuria or diabetes insipidus

A

Pale yellow

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4
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Diabetes mellitus

A

Pale yellow

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5
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Dilute random specimen

A

Pale yellow

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6
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Concentrated specimen

A

Dark yellow

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7
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Intake of B complex vitamins

A

Dark yellow

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8
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Dehydration

A

Dark yellow

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9
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Presence of bilirubin

A

Dark yellow

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10
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Intake of Acriflavine

A

Dark yellow

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11
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Nitrofurantoin

A

Dark yellow

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12
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Phenazopyridine

A

Orange-yellow

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13
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Phenindione

A

Orange-yellow

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14
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

A

Yellow-green

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15
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Pseudomonas infection

A

Green

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16
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Amitriptyline

A

Blue-green

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17
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Methocarbamol

A

Blue-green
brown

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18
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Robaxin

A

Blue-green

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19
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Clorets

A

Blue-green

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20
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Indican

A

Blue-green

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21
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Methylene blue

A

Blue-green

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22
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Phenol

A

Blue-green

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23
Q

Color of urine caused by:

red blood cells

A

pink

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24
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Hemoglobin

A

Red

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25
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Myoglobin

A

Red, red-brown

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26
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Beets

A

Red

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27
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Rifampin

A

Red

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28
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Menstrual contamination

A

Red

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29
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Porphyrins

A

Port wine

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30
Q

Color of urine caused by:

RBCs oxidized to methemoglobin

A

Red-brown

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31
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Homogentisic acid

A

Brown

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32
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Malignant melanoma

A

Black

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33
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Melanin or melanogen

A

Black

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34
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Phenol derivatives

A

Black

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35
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Argyrol

A

Black

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36
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Methyldopa

A

Black

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37
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Levodopa

A

Black

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38
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Metronidazole

A

Black

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39
Q

Color of urine caused by:

Flagyl

A

Black

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40
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

Commonly observed with random specimens

A

Colorless; recent fluid consumption

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41
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

Increased 24-hr volume and low specific gravity

A

Pale yellow; polyuria or diabetes insipidus

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42
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

Elevated specific gravity and positive glucose test result

A

Pale yellow; diabetes mellitus

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43
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

Recent fluid consumption

A

pale yellow; dilute random specimen

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44
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

normal after strenuous exercise or in first morning specimen

A

dark yellow; concentrated specimen

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45
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

fever or burns

A

dark yellow; dehydration

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46
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

yellow foam when shaken and positive chemical test results for bilirubin

A

dark yellow; bilirubin

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47
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

negative bile test results and possible green fluorescence

A

dark yellow; acriflavine

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48
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

antibiotic administered for UTI

A

dark yellow; nitrofurantoin

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49
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

drug commonly administered for UTI

A

orange-yellow; phenazopyridine

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50
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

anticoagulant, orange in alkaline urine, colorless in acid urine

A

orange-yellow; phenindione

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51
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

colored foam in acidic urine and false-negative chemical test results for bilirubin

A

yellow-green; bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

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52
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

positive urine culture

A

green; Pseudomonas infection

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53
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

antidepressant

A

blue-green; amitriptyline

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54
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

muscle relaxant, may be green-brown

A

blue-green; methocarbamol (robaxin)

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55
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

bacterial infections, intestinal disorders

A

blue-green; indican

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56
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

fistulas

A

blue-green; methylene blue

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57
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

when oxidized

A

blue-green; phenol

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58
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

cloudy urine with positive chemical test results for blood and rbcs visible microscopically

A

pink; rbcs

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59
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood; intravascular hemolysis

A

red; hemoglobin

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60
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood; muscle damage

A

red; myoglobin

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61
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

alkaline urine of genetically susceptible persons

A

red; beets

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62
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

tuberculosis medication

A

rifampin; red

63
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

cloudy specimen with rbcs, mucus, and clots

A

red; menstrual contamination

64
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

negative test for blood; may require additional testing

A

port wine; porphyrins

65
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

seen in acidic urine after standing; positive chemical test result for blood

A

red-brown; rbcs oxidized to methemoglobin

66
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

seen in alkaline urine after standing; specific tests are available

A

brown; homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria)

67
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

urine darkens on standing and reacts with nitroprusside and ferric chloride

A

black; malignant melanoma

68
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

interfere with copper reduction tests

A

black; phenol derivatives

69
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

color disappears with ferric chloride

A

black; argyrol (antiseptic)

70
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

antihypertensive

A

black; methyldopa or levodopa

71
Q

INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:

darkes on standing; intestinal and vaginal infections

A

black; metronidazole (flagyl)

72
Q

normal urine colors

A

pale yellow, yellow, dark yellow

73
Q

yellow color of urine is caused by the present of what pigment

74
Q

Urochrome is a product of ________ metabolism.

A

endogenous

75
Q

________ named urochrome in year ____.

A

Thudichum; 1864

76
Q

T/F:

Urochrome is produced at a constant rate in the body under normal conditions.

77
Q

amount of urochrome produced in thyroid conditions and fasting states is (decreased/increased)

78
Q

actual amount of urochrome produced is (dependent/independent) on the body’s metabolic state

79
Q

Urochrome is (decreased/increased) in urine standing at room temperature

80
Q

T/F:

The intensity of the yellow color in a fresh urine specimen can give a rough estimate of urine concentration

81
Q

COLOR OF URINE:

dilute urine:
concentrated urine:

A

pale yellow; dark yellow

82
Q

T/F:

Owing to variations in the body’s state of hydration, these differences in the yellow color of urine can be normal.

83
Q

Aside from the urochrome, what other pigments are present in urine?

A

uroerythrin, urobilin

present in smaller quantities and contribute little to the color of normal, fresh urine

84
Q

presence of uroerythrin produces what color to the sediment

85
Q

this pigment is most evident in specimens that have been refrigerated, resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates

A

uroerythrin

  • uroerythrin attaches to the urates, producing pink color to the sediment
86
Q

an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen which imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh

87
Q

urobilin imparts what color to urine that is not fresh

A

orange-brown

88
Q

dark yellow or amber urine may be caused by what pigment:

89
Q

this indicates presence of bilirubin upon shaking of urine

A

yellow foam

90
Q

T/F:

Normal urine may still produce small amounts of foam upon shaking

A

TRUE

foam produced also rapidly disappears

91
Q

large amount of white foam upon shaking urine is an indication of increased concentration of:

92
Q

a urine specimen that contains bilirubin may also contain what type of virus?

93
Q

photo-oxidation of large amounts of excreted urobilinogen to urobilin produces what color of urine

A

yellow-orange

note: yellow foam does not appear when shaken

94
Q

photo-oxidation of bilirubin imparts of what color to urine?

this is due to presence of?

A

yellow-green; biliverdin

95
Q

T/F:

urine specimens with phenazopyridine may also produce yellow foam when shaken, which can be mistaken for bilirubin

96
Q

red blood cells remaining in acidic urine for several hours may produce what color of urine?

A

brown

:due to oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin

:fresh brown urine may also indicate glomerular bleeding

97
Q

besides red blood cells, what other substances may produce a red urine and result in a positive chemical test result for blood

A

hemoglobin

myoglobin

98
Q

color and transparency of urine when:

rbcs are present:
hemoglobin/myoglobin is present:

A

red; cloudy

red; clear

99
Q

method to distinguish hemoglobinuria from myoglobinuria

A

examining patient’s plasma

100
Q

T/F:

myoglobin is more rapidly cleared from the plasma than is hemoglobin, and therefore does not affect the color of plasma

101
Q

breakdown of skeletal muscle produces what substance

102
Q

T/F:

fresh urine containing myoglobin frequently exhibits a more reddish-brown color than does urine containing hemoglobin

103
Q

port wine color of urine is caused by presence of:

A

porphyrins

porphobilinogen oxidized to porphyrins

104
Q

eating fresh beets causes a red color in (acidic/alkaline) urine

105
Q

oxidation product of melanogen, that is porudced in excess when a malignant melanoma is present

106
Q

metabolite of phenylalanine that imparts a black color to alkaline urine from persons with alkaptonuria

A

homogentisic acid

107
Q

homogentisic acid is a metabolite of:

A

phenylalanine

108
Q

bacterial infection that causes blue/green urine

A

Pseudomonas (urinary tract infection)

intestinal tract infections

109
Q

purple staining in catheter bags may be caused by:

A

indican in the urine

Klebsiella/Providencia spp

110
Q

general term that refers to the transparency or turbidity of urine specimen

111
Q

urine clarity:

no visible particulate, transparent

112
Q

urine clarity:

few particulates, print easily seen through urine

113
Q

urine clarity:

many particulates; print blurred through urine

114
Q

urine clarity:

print cannot be seen through urine

115
Q

urine clarity:

may precipitate or be clotted

116
Q

T/F:

precipitation of amorphous phosphates and carbonates may cause white cloudiness

117
Q

produce precipitates in acidic urine that resembles pink brick dust

A

amorphous urates

:due to presence of uroerythrin

118
Q

nonpathologic causes of urine turbidity:

A 
squamous epithelial cells
mucus
amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates
semen, spermatozoa
fecal contamination
radiographic contrast media
talcum powder
vaginal creams
119
Q

pathologic causes of urine turbidity

A 
rbcs
wbcs
bacteria
yeast
nonsquamous epithelial cells
abnormal crystals
lymph fluid
lipid
120
Q

specific gravity of plasma filtrate entering glomerulus

121
Q

term used to describe urine with a specific gravity of 1.010

A

isothenuric

122
Q

term used to describe urine with sg below 1.010

A

hyposthenuric

123
Q

term used to describe urine with sg above 1.010

A

hypersthenuric

124
Q

sg of normal random urine specimens may range from

A

1.002-1.035

:depends on the patient’s amount of hydration

125
Q

most random urine specimens have an sg of:

A

1.015-1.030

126
Q

defined as the density of a solution compared with the density of similar volume of distilled water (SG : 1.000) at a similar temp

A

specific gravity

127
Q

T/F:

sg of urine is a measure of the density of the dissolved chemicals in the specimen

128
Q

T/F:

large molecules contribute more to sg reading than small molecules

A

TRUE

:this requires the need to correct for the presence of substances that are not normally seen in urine (i.e., glucose, protein)

129
Q

method use in routine urinalysis that requires correcting

A

use of refractometer

:other methods are use of chemical reagent strips and osmolality

130
Q

determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index

A

refractometry

131
Q

a comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in a solution

A

refractive index

132
Q

T/F:

temperature corrections are not necessary when using refractometer because the light beam passes through a temperature-compensating liquid prior to being directed at the specific gravity scale

133
Q

Corrections for glucose and protein calculation:

subtract _____ and _____ for every gram of protein and glucose present respectively

A

0.003; 0.004

134
Q

used to calibrate refractometer

A

distilled water; refractometer should read 1.000

135
Q

aside from using distilled water for calibration of refractometer, what is used to further check calibration?

A

5% NaCl: must read 1.022 +/- 0.001

9% sucrose: must read 1.034+/- 0.001

136
Q

method of measuring urine sg that utilizes principle of refractive index

A

refractometry

137
Q

method of measuring urine sg that utilized principle of changes in colligative properties by particle number

A

osmolality

138
Q

method of measuring urine sg that utilizes principle of pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present

A

reagent strip

139
Q

urine sg of patients who have recently undergone intravenous pyelogram

A

> 1.040

:caused by excretion of injected radiographic contrast media

140
Q

when the patient is receiving dextran or other high-molecular iv fluids, what method is best to determine urine sg?

A

osmometry or reagent strip chemical test

:not affected by high molecular weight substances

141
Q

color of urine caused by:

sulfasalazine

A

orange-yellow

142
Q

color of urine caused by:

azulfidine

A

orange-yellow

143
Q

color of urine caused by:

riboflavin

A

bright yellow

144
Q

color of urine caused by:

warfarin/coumadin

A

amber/orange

145
Q

color of urine caused by:
propofol

A

blue-green

146
Q

color of urine caused by:
familial hypercalcemia

A

blue-green

147
Q

color of urine caused by:
indomethacin

A

blue-green

148
Q

color of urine caused by:
fuchsin

149
Q

color of urine caused by:
aniline-dye

150
Q

color of urine caused by:
chloroquine

151
Q

color of urine caused by:
primaquine

152
Q

color of urine caused by:
fava beans

A

brown/black

153
Q

color of urine caused by:
rhubarb

A

brown/black

154
Q

color of urine caused by:
aloe

A

brown/black

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY (6 decks)

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