Strasinger_Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards
1
Q
Physical examination of urine includes:
A
color
clarity
specific gravity
2
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Recent fluid consumption
A
Colorless
3
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Polyuria or diabetes insipidus
A
Pale yellow
4
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Diabetes mellitus
A
Pale yellow
5
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Dilute random specimen
A
Pale yellow
6
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Concentrated specimen
A
Dark yellow
7
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Intake of B complex vitamins
A
Dark yellow
8
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Dehydration
A
Dark yellow
9
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Presence of bilirubin
A
Dark yellow
10
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Intake of Acriflavine
A
Dark yellow
11
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Nitrofurantoin
A
Dark yellow
12
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Phenazopyridine
A
Orange-yellow
13
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Phenindione
A
Orange-yellow
14
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin
A
Yellow-green
15
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Pseudomonas infection
A
Green
16
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Amitriptyline
A
Blue-green
17
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Methocarbamol
A
Blue-green
brown
18
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Robaxin
A
Blue-green
19
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Clorets
A
Blue-green
20
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Indican
A
Blue-green
21
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Methylene blue
A
Blue-green
22
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Phenol
A
Blue-green
23
Q
Color of urine caused by:
red blood cells
A
pink
24
Q
Color of urine caused by:
Hemoglobin
A
Red
25
Color of urine caused by:
Myoglobin
Red, red-brown
26
Color of urine caused by:
Beets
Red
27
Color of urine caused by:
Rifampin
Red
28
Color of urine caused by:
Menstrual contamination
Red
29
Color of urine caused by:
Porphyrins
Port wine
30
Color of urine caused by:
RBCs oxidized to methemoglobin
Red-brown
31
Color of urine caused by:
Homogentisic acid
Brown
32
Color of urine caused by:
Malignant melanoma
Black
33
Color of urine caused by:
Melanin or melanogen
Black
34
Color of urine caused by:
Phenol derivatives
Black
35
Color of urine caused by:
Argyrol
Black
36
Color of urine caused by:
Methyldopa
Black
37
Color of urine caused by:
Levodopa
Black
38
Color of urine caused by:
Metronidazole
Black
39
Color of urine caused by:
Flagyl
Black
40
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
Commonly observed with random specimens
Colorless; recent fluid consumption
41
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
Increased 24-hr volume and low specific gravity
Pale yellow; polyuria or diabetes insipidus
42
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
Elevated specific gravity and positive glucose test result
Pale yellow; diabetes mellitus
43
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
Recent fluid consumption
pale yellow; dilute random specimen
44
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
normal after strenuous exercise or in first morning specimen
dark yellow; concentrated specimen
45
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
fever or burns
dark yellow; dehydration
46
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
yellow foam when shaken and positive chemical test results for bilirubin
dark yellow; bilirubin
47
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
negative bile test results and possible green fluorescence
dark yellow; acriflavine
48
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
antibiotic administered for UTI
dark yellow; nitrofurantoin
49
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
drug commonly administered for UTI
orange-yellow; phenazopyridine
50
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
anticoagulant, orange in alkaline urine, colorless in acid urine
orange-yellow; phenindione
51
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
colored foam in acidic urine and false-negative chemical test results for bilirubin
yellow-green; bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin
52
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
positive urine culture
green; Pseudomonas infection
53
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
antidepressant
blue-green; amitriptyline
54
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
muscle relaxant, may be green-brown
blue-green; methocarbamol (robaxin)
55
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
bacterial infections, intestinal disorders
blue-green; indican
56
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
fistulas
blue-green; methylene blue
57
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
when oxidized
blue-green; phenol
58
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
cloudy urine with positive chemical test results for blood and rbcs visible microscopically
pink; rbcs
59
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood; intravascular hemolysis
red; hemoglobin
60
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood; muscle damage
red; myoglobin
61
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
alkaline urine of genetically susceptible persons
red; beets
62
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
tuberculosis medication
rifampin; red
63
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
cloudy specimen with rbcs, mucus, and clots
red; menstrual contamination
64
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
negative test for blood; may require additional testing
port wine; porphyrins
65
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
seen in acidic urine after standing; positive chemical test result for blood
red-brown; rbcs oxidized to methemoglobin
66
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
seen in alkaline urine after standing; specific tests are available
brown; homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria)
67
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
urine darkens on standing and reacts with nitroprusside and ferric chloride
black; malignant melanoma
68
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
interfere with copper reduction tests
black; phenol derivatives
69
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
color disappears with ferric chloride
black; argyrol (antiseptic)
70
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
antihypertensive
black; methyldopa or levodopa
71
INDICATE COLOR OF URINE AND CAUSE WITH THE FF. CLINICAL CORRELATION:
darkes on standing; intestinal and vaginal infections
black; metronidazole (flagyl)
72
normal urine colors
pale yellow, yellow, dark yellow
73
yellow color of urine is caused by the present of what pigment
urochrome
74
Urochrome is a product of ________ metabolism.
endogenous
75
________ named urochrome in year ____.
Thudichum; 1864
76
T/F:
Urochrome is produced at a constant rate in the body under normal conditions.
TRUE
77
amount of urochrome produced in thyroid conditions and fasting states is (decreased/increased)
increased
78
actual amount of urochrome produced is (dependent/independent) on the body's metabolic state
dependent
79
Urochrome is (decreased/increased) in urine standing at room temperature
increased
80
T/F:
The intensity of the yellow color in a fresh urine specimen can give a rough estimate of urine concentration
TRUE
81
COLOR OF URINE:
dilute urine:
concentrated urine:
pale yellow; dark yellow
82
T/F:
Owing to variations in the body's state of hydration, these differences in the yellow color of urine can be normal.
TRUE
83
Aside from the urochrome, what other pigments are present in urine?
uroerythrin, urobilin
| present in smaller quantities and contribute little to the color of normal, fresh urine
84
presence of uroerythrin produces what color to the sediment
pink
85
this pigment is most evident in specimens that have been refrigerated, resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates
uroerythrin
* uroerythrin attaches to the urates, producing pink color to the sediment
86
an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen which imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh
urobilin
87
urobilin imparts what color to urine that is not fresh
orange-brown
88
dark yellow or amber urine may be caused by what pigment:
bilirubin
89
this indicates presence of bilirubin upon shaking of urine
yellow foam
90
T/F:
Normal urine may still produce small amounts of foam upon shaking
TRUE
foam produced also rapidly disappears
91
large amount of white foam upon shaking urine is an indication of increased concentration of:
protein
92
a urine specimen that contains bilirubin may also contain what type of virus?
hepatitis
93
photo-oxidation of large amounts of excreted urobilinogen to urobilin produces what color of urine
yellow-orange
note: yellow foam does not appear when shaken
94
photo-oxidation of bilirubin imparts of what color to urine?
this is due to presence of?
yellow-green; biliverdin
95
T/F:
| urine specimens with phenazopyridine may also produce yellow foam when shaken, which can be mistaken for bilirubin
TRUE
96
red blood cells remaining in acidic urine for several hours may produce what color of urine?
brown
:due to oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin
:fresh brown urine may also indicate glomerular bleeding
97
besides red blood cells, what other substances may produce a red urine and result in a positive chemical test result for blood
hemoglobin
myoglobin
98
color and transparency of urine when:
rbcs are present:
hemoglobin/myoglobin is present:
red; cloudy
red; clear
99
method to distinguish hemoglobinuria from myoglobinuria
examining patient's plasma
100
T/F:
myoglobin is more rapidly cleared from the plasma than is hemoglobin, and therefore does not affect the color of plasma
TRUE
101
breakdown of skeletal muscle produces what substance
myoglobin
102
T/F:
fresh urine containing myoglobin frequently exhibits a more reddish-brown color than does urine containing hemoglobin
TRUE
103
port wine color of urine is caused by presence of:
porphyrins
porphobilinogen oxidized to porphyrins
104
eating fresh beets causes a red color in (acidic/alkaline) urine
alkaline
105
oxidation product of melanogen, that is porudced in excess when a malignant melanoma is present
melanin
106
metabolite of phenylalanine that imparts a black color to alkaline urine from persons with alkaptonuria
homogentisic acid
107
homogentisic acid is a metabolite of:
phenylalanine
108
bacterial infection that causes blue/green urine
Pseudomonas (urinary tract infection)
| intestinal tract infections
109
purple staining in catheter bags may be caused by:
indican in the urine
| Klebsiella/Providencia spp
110
general term that refers to the transparency or turbidity of urine specimen
clarity
111
urine clarity:
no visible particulate, transparent
clear
112
urine clarity:
few particulates, print easily seen through urine
hazy
113
urine clarity:
many particulates; print blurred through urine
cloudy
114
urine clarity:
print cannot be seen through urine
turbid
115
urine clarity:
may precipitate or be clotted
milky
116
T/F:
precipitation of amorphous phosphates and carbonates may cause white cloudiness
TRUE
117
produce precipitates in acidic urine that resembles pink brick dust
amorphous urates
:due to presence of uroerythrin
118
nonpathologic causes of urine turbidity:
```
squamous epithelial cells
mucus
amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates
semen, spermatozoa
fecal contamination
radiographic contrast media
talcum powder
vaginal creams
```
119
pathologic causes of urine turbidity
```
rbcs
wbcs
bacteria
yeast
nonsquamous epithelial cells
abnormal crystals
lymph fluid
lipid
```
120
specific gravity of plasma filtrate entering glomerulus
1.010
121
term used to describe urine with a specific gravity of 1.010
isothenuric
122
term used to describe urine with sg below 1.010
hyposthenuric
123
term used to describe urine with sg above 1.010
hypersthenuric
124
sg of normal random urine specimens may range from
1.002-1.035
:depends on the patient's amount of hydration
125
most random urine specimens have an sg of:
1.015-1.030
126
defined as the density of a solution compared with the density of similar volume of distilled water (SG : 1.000) at a similar temp
specific gravity
127
T/F:
sg of urine is a measure of the density of the dissolved chemicals in the specimen
TRUE
128
T/F:
large molecules contribute more to sg reading than small molecules
TRUE
:this requires the need to correct for the presence of substances that are not normally seen in urine (i.e., glucose, protein)
129
method use in routine urinalysis that requires correcting
use of refractometer
:other methods are use of chemical reagent strips and osmolality
130
determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index
refractometry
131
a comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in a solution
refractive index
132
T/F:
temperature corrections are not necessary when using refractometer because the light beam passes through a temperature-compensating liquid prior to being directed at the specific gravity scale
TRUE
133
Corrections for glucose and protein calculation:
subtract _____ and _____ for every gram of protein and glucose present respectively
0.003; 0.004
134
used to calibrate refractometer
distilled water; refractometer should read 1.000
135
aside from using distilled water for calibration of refractometer, what is used to further check calibration?
5% NaCl: must read 1.022 +/- 0.001
9% sucrose: must read 1.034+/- 0.001
136
method of measuring urine sg that utilizes principle of refractive index
refractometry
137
method of measuring urine sg that utilized principle of changes in colligative properties by particle number
osmolality
138
method of measuring urine sg that utilizes principle of pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present
reagent strip
139
urine sg of patients who have recently undergone intravenous pyelogram
> 1.040
:caused by excretion of injected radiographic contrast media
140
when the patient is receiving dextran or other high-molecular iv fluids, what method is best to determine urine sg?
osmometry or reagent strip chemical test
:not affected by high molecular weight substances
141
color of urine caused by:
sulfasalazine
orange-yellow
142
color of urine caused by:
azulfidine
orange-yellow
143
color of urine caused by:
riboflavin
bright yellow
144
color of urine caused by:
warfarin/coumadin
amber/orange
145
color of urine caused by:
propofol
blue-green
146
color of urine caused by:
familial hypercalcemia
blue-green
147
color of urine caused by:
indomethacin
blue-green
148
color of urine caused by:
fuchsin
red-brown
149
color of urine caused by:
aniline-dye
red-brown
150
color of urine caused by:
chloroquine
black
151
color of urine caused by:
primaquine
black
152
color of urine caused by:
fava beans
brown/black
153
color of urine caused by:
rhubarb
brown/black
154
color of urine caused by:
aloe
brown/black
