CIULLA_INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS + KIDNEY AND URINE FORMATION Flashcards
is the practice of examining urine for diagnostic purposes; it aids in following the course or treatment of disease.
Urinalysis
T/F:
Urine chemical changes are directly related to pathologic conditions
TRUE
T/F:
Urine contains most of the body’s waste products
TRUE
Complete urinalysis is composed of:
Physical
Chemical
Microscopic
T/F:
Urinalysis is used for disease diagnosis, disease monitoring, drug screening, and initial diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism
TRUE
Urine composition
Water (majority)
Organic and inorganic compounds
Factors that affect urine composition
Diet
Physical Activity
Metabolism
Disease Processes
T/F:
Urine composition is directly related to the amount and type of
waste material that is to be excreted
TRUE
accounts for roughly 50% of all dissolved solids in the urine.
Urea
Aside from urea, what other organic substances are largely present in urine?
creatinine
uric acid
Organic substances present in urine in small amounts
glucose protein hormones vitamins metabolized medications
Urine inorganic substances (order of highest to lowest average concentration)
Cl, Na, K
Sulfate, phosphate, ammonium, calcium, magnesium (small amounts)
Non-dissolved substances present in urine
bacteria crystals casts mucus cells (various types)
two bean-shaped organs located under the diaphragm on
either side of the aorta in the posterior, upper abdominal region
kidneys
shape of kidneys
bean-shaped
where are the kidneys located?
under diaphragm on either side of the aorta in the posterior, upper abdominal region
muscular tube that connects the pelvis of the kidney to the
bladder.
ureter
urine is excreted outside of the body through
urethra
where urine is stored until excretion
bladder
a cavity area that is an expansion of the ureter
functions to collect urine from the calyces for transport from the kidney to the ureter
renal pelvis
two regions of the kidneys
cortex
medulla
outer layer of the kidney
cortex
inner layer of the kidney
medulla
composition of cortex
renal corpuscles
proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron
composition of medulla
loops of Henle
collecting ducts
part of the kidney comprised of the renal corpuscles and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron.
cortex
part of the kidney comprised of the
loops of Henle and the collecting ducts.
medulla
functions to return blood to the inferior vena cava.
renal vein
supplies blood to the kidney
renal artery
supplies blood to the renal artery
abdominal aorta
functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation
nephron
number of nephrons found in each kidney
more than a million
nephron composition
renal corpuscle
tubular system
renal corpuscle is composed of _______.
glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
tubular system is composed of ________.
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule collecting duct
a tuft of capillaries that lie in a tubular depression called Bowman’s capsule.
glomerulus
tubular depression where the glomerulus is located
Bowman’s capsule
carries blood into the
glomerulus
afferent arteriole
carries blood away from the glomerulus
efferent arteriole
arises from the efferent arteriole and aid in
the tubular reabsorption process by surrounding the various segments
of the renal tubule
peritubular capillaries
main function of glomerulus
filter blood
where is the proximal convoluted tubule located
cortex
where is the distal convoluted tubule located
cortex
begins in the cortex, with the descending limb of the loop extending into the medulla where the bend of the loop is formed that then becomes the ascending limb, which ends in the cortex
loop of Henle
direct the urine flow into a collecting duct
distal convoluted tubule
joins with other collecting ducts, forming a papillary duct to carry urine into a calyx of the renal pelvis
collecting duct
main processes to form and excrete urine
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
functions as a semipermeable membrane to make an
ultrafiltrate of plasma that is protein free
glomerulus
GFR is about ________ of filtrate formed per minute by the glomeruli
115-125 mL
the process by which filtered water, ions, and molecules leave the tubules for return to the blood via the peritubular capillaries.
Reabsorption
the process by which a substance from the blood is
transported across the wall of the tubule into the filtrate
Secretion
Responsible for most of the reabsorption (approximately 65%) and
secretion that occurs in the tubules
proximal convoluted tubule
a limitation as to how much solute can be
reabsorbed
renal threshold
the proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for ____% of reabsorption
65
