Straight from the Quizzes Flashcards
Which of the following is the component of Evidence-based practice?
a. Research evidence
b. Resources including practitioner’s expertise
c. Client/population’s characteristics
d. All of the above
d
When scientific analysis moves from the level of theoretical statements to that of testable hypotheses, the process has involved
a. Inductive reasoning
b. Deductive reasoning
c. Common sense reasoning
d. Operational definitions
b
Which of the following is NOT the characteristics of good research questions?
a. Feasible
b. Exciting
c. Novel
d. Ethical
e. Relevant
b
Which of the following is NOT the three principles described in the Belmont report?
a. Beneficence
b. Novel
c. Respect
d. Justice
b
Researchers should tell potential research participants about all aspects of the research that might reasonably influence potential participants’ decision to participate. This is called
a. Informed consent
b. Privacy
c. Deception
d. Scientific advocacy
a
Which of the following is INCORRECT about Institutional Review Board?
a. There are 3 level of review process: exempt, expedited, and full review
b. In IRB protocol, you can only include how you recruit study participants
c. It consists of at least 5 members
d. The IRB has the authority to approve, disapprove, monitor, and require modifications in all research activities
b
Paradigm is a fundamental point of view in science’s search of meaning
T/F
T
Hypothesis refers to a testable statement of presumed relationships between two or more concepts
T/F
T
Using deception can be justified if the findings of study can contribute to the world of scientific knowledge
T/F
F
No other method is available
Deception would not influence individuals’ decision to participate
In conducting research, researchers can always guarantee the confidentiality of data collected from study participants
T/F
F
Milgram study is one of examples for ethical research
T/F
F
Interpretivism is deeply related to deductive reasoning process
T/F
F
Interpritivism - Inductive
Positivism - Deductive
Interpretivism
Nature of truth- (Subjective or Objective)
Goal of Research - (Finding universal principles or Understanding individuals’ in -depth perspectives)
Methodology _ (Quantitative or Qualitative)
Nature of truth- Subjective
Goal of Research - Understanding individuals’ in -depth perspectives
Methodology _ Qualitative
Positivism
Nature of truth- (Subjective or Objective)
Goal of Research - (Finding universal principles or Understanding individuals’ in -depth perspectives)
Methodology _ (Quantitative or Qualitative)
Nature of truth - Objective
Goal of Research - Finding universal principles
Methodology - Quantitative
_____ is an approach to social work practice that integrates clinical expertise, research evidence, and client preferences
Evidence-Based Practice
This study began in 1932 and continued more than 40 years by the US Public Health Service in Macon County, Alabama. The study sample was made of poor African American men who were told that they had “bad blood.” These men did not receive standard treatment for syphilis even when penicillin was available later during the study. The men in the study were not informed of the research design and its risks to them. What is the name of the study?
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
_____ governs human subject’s protections within organization conducting research.
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Which of the following is INCORRECT about conceptualization?
a. Some concepts are straightforward
b. The process of specifying what we mean by a term
c. You can find definition from dictionaries
d. The process of connecting concept to observation
d
Which of the following is NOT included in operationalization?
a. Measure
b. Method of data collection
c. Scoring information
d. Interpretation of the scores
e. Defining a concept
e
Which of the following is the highest level of measurement
a. Ratio
b. Interval
c. Ordinal
d. Nominal
a
Which of the following is CORRECT about the level of measurement
a. It is always better to have a lower level of measurement
b. Interval level of measurement has true zero
c. Attributes can be rank-ordered in nominal level of measurement
d. Interval level of measurement has the same distance between attributes
d
Which of the following is NOT a type of reliability?
a. Internal consistency reliability
b. Inter-rater reliability
c. Test-retes reliability
d. Face reliability
d
Which of the following is CORRECT about construct validity?
a. It is about the degree to which a measurement relates to an external criterion
b. There are 2 subtypes of construct validity: Convergent and Discriminant validity
c. It is the lowest level of validity
d. It is about the degree to which a measurement contain measures from the entire range of the concept that was designed to measure
b
A single item indicator has better reliability and validity in general
T/F
F
Standardized is better. It as 2+ items
We can calculate internal consistency reliability for a single item measure
T/F
F
Face validity is the highest level of validity
T/F
F
In general, random error is a big concern in measuring a concept
T/F
F
Random error is individual. Can’t be control
Systemic error is predictable
T/F
T
Systematic error affects the entire group. It is controllable
__a___ refers to consistency of a measure, whereas __b___ is about accuracy of a measure
a. Reliability
b. Validity
List 4 levels of measurement and provide an example for each
Nominal - Gender
Ordinal - 1. low 2. med 3. high
Interval - Temperature
Ration - # of sales (Has absolute 0)
In order for a measure to be considered acceptable internal consistency reliability, Cronbach’s alpha should be _____
> .7
Identify at least two ways to reduce measurement errors and briefly explain
- Pilot - Test the instruments and get feedback
- Triangulate - Use several measurements (Presentation, exam, paper)
- Train - interviewers
- Make sure measurements are not obtrusive - participants don’t know they’re being measured
What is the clear distinction between probability sampling and non-probability sampling?
a. Having a big sample size
b. Use of random selection
c. Employment of experimental design
d. Type of survey method used
b
Which of the following is INCORRECT about probability sampling?
a. In a probability sample, the probability of selection is known
b. There is no sampling error
c. There is no systematic bias in selection
d. If you are interested in generalizing the findings of study, you need to use probability sampling
b
Which 2 sampling methods require that the researcher know something about the salient characteristics of the population (such as race, ethnicity, or gender) before selecting samples?
a. Simple random and stratified random
b. Stratified random and quota
c. Quota and multi-stage cluster
d. Multi-stage cluster and purposive
b
A researcher conducts a survey of students randomly selected from Introduction to Social Work classes at State University. The researchers then attempt to generalize these findings to all college students. In this example, the target population is:
a. All social work students
b. All social work students at State University
c. All college students
d. All college students at State University
c
A list of registered voters in City X show that 30% of the population is registered as Democrat, 50% as Republican, and 20% as Independent/Other. Which of the following would be closest to a proportionate stratified random sample of 100 voters in City X?
a. 33 Dem, 33 Rep, and 34 Ind
b. 40 Dem, 40 Rep, and 20 Ind
c. 50 Dem, 30 Rep, and 20 Ind
d. 30 Dem, 50 Rep, and 20 Ind
d
Sampling allows us to determine generalizability of research findings
T/F
T
Cluster sampling is a type of non-probability sampling
F
Probability
Non-probability sampling methods allow for generalization to be made to the broad population of interest
T/F
F
An advantage of proportionate stratified random sampling is that you can ensure that certain demographic characteristics are represented in the sample in exact proportion to those characteristic in the population
T/F
T
A list of all elements or other unites containing the elements in a population: ________
Sampling frame
The entire group of research subjects that you would like to study about: _____
Population
A subset of the population that you would conduct study with: ______
Sample
The difference between the characteristics of a sample and the characteristics of a population from which it was drawn from is: ______
Sampling error
Sub-groups within the population are identified as sharing some characteristics, and elements are randomly selected from within those sub-groups: ______
Stratified Random Sampling
Elements are selected by use of a random number table: ______
Simple Random Sampling
A procedure that uses accidental or convenience selection techniques: _______
Availability Sampling
A social work researcher has decided to do a study of people who have adopted children from outside the USA. He asks a friend, whom he knows to have recently adopted and asks if he would consent to an interview. He interviews his friend, and then asks his friend if he could name other people who have recently adopted children from outside the USA. his friend provides him with five names of other families. This sampling technique is known as: ______
Snowball Sampling
What are the other names for availability sampling?
Accidental sampling
Convenience sampling
In order to establish a casual relationship between variables, which of the following is required?
a. Time order
b. Association between IV and DV
c. Nonspuriousness
d. All of the above
d
What ate the 2 required components to be an experimental design? a. Random Sampling b. Control group c. Valid measurement e Random Assignment
b & e
Which of the following is CORRECT about random assignment?
a. Random assignment is often infeasible in real world practice settings
b. Random assignment is how a researcher draws the sample of people for a study from a population
c. Random assignment is relevant to generalizability
c. Random assignment is relevant to external validity
a
In true experimental design, what is the purpose of random assignment?
a. In order to establish external validity
b. In order to find a significant relationship between variables
c. In order to produce equivalent groups for experimental and control groups
d. In order to evaluate measurement
c
True experiments are designed to maximize
a. Internal validity
b. External validity
c. Measurement reliability
d. Measurement validity
a
Internal validity by having random assignment
Which of the following does NOT belong to quasi experimental design?
a. Non equivalent control/comparison group design
b. Simple time series design
c. Multiple time series design
d. One group pretest-posttest design
d
You are in charge of overseeing a multi-county DUI (Driving Under the Influence) program that has a strong public education component. Three weeks after a billboard and radio ad blitz starts on the warning symptoms of alcoholism, there is a tragic school bus accident where a drunk driver kills 27 children. What might be a logical threat to the internal validity of your evaluation of the public education program?
a. Maturation
b. Selection
c. Instrumentation
d. History
d
An after school program at the local Boys and Girls Club wanted to see if the program improved behavior. A social worker administered a behavior assessment to the group in September. The children then attended the program during the school year. At the end of the school year, the behavior assessment was given again and they found that behavior scores improved. While the intervention may have been effective, the best other explanation may be:
a. Instrumentation
b. Testing
c. Maturation
d. Mortality
c
To evaluate the effectiveness of a newly developed reading program, a researcher selected 50 students from the bottom 10% of students on a standardized reading test and administered the newly developed reading program. She found that her reading program was effective. What threat to internal validity are you most concerned with?
a. Mortality
b. Maturation
c. History
d. Regression to the mean (Statistical regression)
d
A control group in a true experiment typically receives treatment as usual
T/F
F
All true experiments require a pretest and posttest
T/F
F
Require random assignment
Pre-experimental design is the strongest experimental design
T/F
F
Experimental is the stronges
___a___ is concerned with causal inferences between variables, where as ___b___ involves generalizability of the study
a. Internal Validity
b. External Validity
As a social worker working in a public hospital, you developed an educational program to improve knowledge about healthy behaviors (eating, exercise, etc.) (HEALTH) for patients. you recruited 30 patients who were participating in a physical activity program. Prior to implementing HEALTH program, you conducted a pretest to assess the level of knowledge about healthy behaviors using a questionnaire that you developed. After 5 sessions, you had only 5 participants left in HEALTH program. As planned, you conducted the post-test. In the post-test, you used a reliable and valid standardized scale to measure the level of knowledge about healthy behaviors. you found that participants reported a higher level of knowledge about healthy behaviors in posttest compared that in pretest.
- What research design is used?
- What are the most likely threats to internal validity? (Identify 3)
- One group pretest-posttest design
2. Mortality, Maturity, Contamination, Instrumentation
When can you use single system design?
a. When you are interested in progress of a client
b. When you are interested in evaluating an intervention
c. When you are interested in describing a social phenomenon
d. When you are interested in predicting factors influencing a certain outcome variable
a
In a single subject design, the intervention is considered to be:
a. The dependent variable
b. The independent variable
c. The moderating variable
d. The facilitating variable
b
Which of the following is NOT the name of a single system design?
a. N = 1
b. Single subject design
d. Single case evaluation
e. Single group comparison
e
As a research method, single subject design has the following components:
a. Repeated measures
b. Baseline phase
c. Treatment phase
d. All the above
d
What can you measure to assess your client’s target problem?
a. Frequency
b. Duration
c. Interval
d. Magnitude
e. All the above
e
What type of graph is used most for visual analysis in single system design?
a. Bar graph
b. Pie chart
c. Line graph
d. Histogram
c
Which of the following is NOT the component that you have to read in visual analysis for single system design?
a. Level
b. Trend
c. Variability
d. Symmetry
d
In single system design, the purpose of monitoring is to:
a. Describe the intervention
b. Describe the social worker’s situation
c. Track client’s progress in a systematic way
d. All the above
c
Repeated measurement is essential for a single system design
T/F
T
The baseline phase is when the intervention is implemented
T/F
F
Pre-experimental design is the strongest experimental design
T/F
F
Experimental
BA design is a building block of single system design
T/F
F
AB
You can develop a casual relationship in cross-sectional design
T/F
F
Refers to baseline and intervention
AB
Refers to baseline and 3 separate interventions
ABCD
Refers to baseline and intervention followed by baseline and intervention
ABAB
You recruit 200 older adult aged 65 or older and conduct a one-time survey with them to examine their life satisfaction. What type of design do you use?
Cross-sectional Design
You decide to study with baby-boomers born between 1946 and 1964. You recruit 200 baby-boomers in 2010 and conduct a survey with them about their life satisfaction. Then you recruit another group of 200 baby-boomers in 2015 and conduct a survey with them about their life satisfaction. What type of design do you use?
Longitudinal Cohort Design
You recruit 200 baby-boomers and conduct a survey with them about their life satisfaction in 2010 and then another survey with the same group of 200 baby-boomers in 2015. What type of design do you use?
Panel Design
You recruit 200 older adults who became 65 in 2010 and conduct a survey about their life satisfaction. in 2015, you recruit another group of 200 older adults who became 65 in 2015 and conduct a survey about their life satisfaction. What type of design do you use?
Trend Design
List at least 2 benefits of using single system design in social work practice setting.
- Can see the progress of the client through tx
- Can help you understand if tx needs to be changed
- Can help understand influence of tx
- Easy to use
- Efficient.
Which of the following is the advantage of survey research?
a. Versatility’
b. Efficiency
c. Generalizability
d. All the above
d
In survey, a contingent question always follow a/an?
a. Double-barreled question
b. Opened-ended question
c. Filter question
d. Leading question
c
When to use open-ended question?
a. When researchers can determine all the possible responses to a question in advance
b. When the number of possible responses is limited
c. When researchers may not have enough knowledge to develop response categories
d. When researchers prefer to handle data easily
c
Which of the following is INCORRECT about developing responses categories?
a. Response categories should be exhaustive
b. Response categories should be mutually exclusive
c. Response categories doesn’t have to be distinguishable
d. Response categories can have either natural or opt-out options
c
Group surveys differ from other types of surveys in the following way:
a. Respondents do not fill out the questionnaire themselves
b. The cost of group survey is usually positively high
c. The questionnaire is distributed to more than one respondent at a time
d. An interviewer reads the questions to therespondent
c
You want to conduct a national survey to examine older adults’ attitudes regarding social service utilization. Unfortunately, you have limited financial resources for conducting the survey. Your best option is a/an?
a. Email survey
b. In person interview
c. Group survey
d. Mailed survey
d
Which of the following is not the best way to improve response rates on a mailed survey?
a. Use different formatting to distinguish instructions
b. Write an attractive questionnaire
c. Use professional jargons in survey questionnaires
d. Send follow up letters and replacement questionnaires
c
In survey research, questionnaires should be clear, concise and straightforward
T/F
T
In survey research, sequence of questions does not really matter to get accurate data
T/F
F
Matrix questions are susceptible to response errors.
T/F
T
Data handling is easy with open ended question
T/F
F
A predetermined set of responses provided along with a question
Closed-ended question
A question to sort of respondents for whom more detailed follow-up questions may not apply and show therefore not asked
Filtered question
A question that touches upon more than one issue, yet allows only for one answer
Double- barreled question
Which of the following is the LEAST involved in qualitative research methods?
a. Contextual approach
b. Inductive reasoning
c. Empirical observation of reality
d. Grounded theory
c
Which of the following can NOT be the reason of conducting qualitative research?
a. Little info available on topic
b. Researchers can’t find quantitative instruments
c. Researchers aim to focus only on outcome
d. Researchers would like to obtain the participant’s perspective
c
Which of the following is NOT a type of qualitative research method?
a. Focus group interview
b. Observation
c. Experimental research
d. In-depth interview
c
Which of the following is TRUE about qualitative research?
a. Random selection is very important
b. The study results are expressed in a form of numbers and statistics
c. The purpose of research is to test hypothesis and identify a causal relationship between variables
d. Qualitative research does not aim to generalize findings
d
Which of the following is NOT useful for assessing quality of qualitative analysis?
a. Does the analysis illuminate the phenomenon as a lived experience?
b. Is the analysis thickly contextualized?
c. Does the study produce generalizable findings?
d. Does the researcher describe the research process?
c
Which of the following is FALSE about community engaged research?
a. Research problems are developed by either researchers or community members
b. In general, research plans are developed by researchers based upon trusts with communities
c. research findings are disseminated only by publications to the academic communities
d. Research is conducted in community with community people
c
Which of the following is FALSE about community engaged research?
a. Researchers can develop questions concerning the issues of community
b. It is easy to engage and maintain community involvement
c. Overcoming differences between and among academics and the community is a challenge
d. It can increase translation of evidence-based research
b
_______ is one type of community engaged research and requires equal and strong partnership between researchers and community with the aim of social changes to improve the wellbeing of the community
Community Based Participatory Research
Qualitative data analysis focuses on text instead of numbers
T/F
T
In qualitative research involving participant observation, the investigator is generally more involved with the collection of data than in most quantitative approaches
T/F
T
In qualitative interview, one would generally expect the investigator to use a lot of closed-ended questions
T/F
F
It is quite common for investigators to use qualitative approaches to run experimental studies
T/F
F
Quantitative investigators worry more about the sample size than qualitative investigators
T/F
T
Statistics used to describe and summarize the characteristics of a sample are:
a. Descriptive statistics
b. Variability measures
c. Measures of central tendency
d. Inferential statistics
a
Which of the following is the function of inferential statistics?
a. Allow you to infer about the population based upon what you found with your sample
b. Allow you to summarize the characteristics of your sample
c. Allow you to better understand prior research
d. Allow you to determine the level of measurement
a
Which of the following is NOT an examples of descriptive statistics?
a. Frequency
b. Mean
c. Range
d. Level of measurement
d
Which of the following is NOT the type of measures of central tendency?
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Standard Deviation
d
Which of the following is NOT the type of measures of variability?
a. Mean
b. Range
c. Variance
d. Standard Deviation
a
Level of measurement is essential to determine the appropriate statistical test
T/F
T
The larger standard deviation, the wider the distribution is
T/F
T
What is the most commonly used significance level in social science?
p >.05
The highest value in a distribution minus the lowest value plus one
Range
The most frequent value (most common response) in a distribution
Mode
The point that divides the distribution in half (middle response)
Median
The average response
Mean
The average squared deviation of each case from the mean
Standard Deviation
A summative evaluation is the same as
a. Process analysis
b. Outcome evaluation
c. Efficiency evaluation
d. Need assessment
b
A community hires a researcher to determine whether a community center would be a benefit, in terms of reducing delinquency, promoting community service, and developing networks. To provide an answer, the researcher would conduct what sort of evaluation on community services?
a. Needs assessment
b. Evaluability assessment
c. Process evaluation
d. Efficiency analysis
a
If a researches wants to find out how a program actually produces its outcomes, she or he could develop a/an
a. Outcome evaluation
b. Process evaluation
c. Program theory
d. Program focus
b
To evaluate a program designed to improve self esteem for elementary school girls, girls were divide into treatment and control groups. Girls in the treatment group were required to attend an after school program, while girls in the control group went home on time. Scores on self esteem measures were then compared between the two groups of girls. This type of program design is associated with:
a. Needs assessment
b. Evaluability assessment
c. Process evaluation
d. Outcome evaluation
d
Outcome = Experimental
Stakeholders are individuals or groups that evaluated social programs
T/F
F
There are two kinds of efficiency analyses: Cost-benefit and Cost-effective analyses
T/F
T
A schematic representation of the various components that make up a social service program
Logic Mode
Resources going into a program
Input
What the program does with the resources
Activity
Direct products through the programs’ service delivery
Output
Changes/Benefits that results from the program
Outcome
Benefit of mixed methods design
Uses both quantitative and qualitative
