Stomatognathic System And Its Primary Function Flashcards by Alex Ko Kam

Functional unit characterized by several structures: skeletal components, dental arches, soft tissues and the TMJ and masticatory muscles. These structures act in harmony to perform different tasks such as to speak, eat and swallow food

Stomatognathic system

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Mechanical breakdown of food placed in the mouth

Mastication

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Enzymes involved in mastication

Salivary amylase
Lingual lipase

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Mastications is involved in what movement

Lateral and vertical movement

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Masticatory apparatus

Teeth, TMJ, elevator and depressor muscles, tongue, lips palate and salivary glands

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Main organ of mastication

Teeth

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The anterior teeth provides what action when eating

Grasping, incising, tearing

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The posterior teeth provides what action when eating

Cutting and grinding

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Chewing cycle

Opening phase
Chewing phase
Occlusal or intercuspal phase

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A cycle in which the mandible is depressed, the mouth opens, and the max and man teeth separates, once food is in the mouth tongue does the pull back process and position food on the working site

Opening cycle

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In the opening cycle phase, what does the tongue do?

The tongue does the pull back process and position food in the working site

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Last process of opening phase

Pull back process

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Definition of working site

Where the food is currently being chewed

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Definition of non working site

When there is no food that is being chewed

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The phase in which the mandible is raised towards the maxilla and tooth-food-tooth contact occurs

Closing phase

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The muscles involved in closing phase

Medial pterygoid, masseter, temporalis

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The phase in which no further vertical movement occurs but horizontal, bucco-lingual and antero-posterior movements occur, then theres power stroke (food is compressed), the teeth are either in contact or eparated by a layer of food

Occlusal or intercuspal phase

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muscles that are involved in occlusal or intercuspal phase

(Balancing side) medial pterygoid and post head of temporalis

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MUSCLES OF MASTCATION

T - temporalis
I - internal or lateral pterygoid
M - masseter
E - medial or external pterygoid

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Muscle of mastication: elevation of jaw

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid muscles

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Muscles of mastication: jaw opening/ depression

Lateral pterygoid, digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid muscle

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2 parts of lateral pterygoid M

Superior: active in elevation and medial movement from lateral postion
Inferior: active during depression and protrusion

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OINA of temporalis

O - temporal fossa, temporal fascia
I - coronoid process and ramus of mandible
N - ant and post deep temporal nerves (V3)
A - elevated and retracts mandible
Artery - ant and post temporal artery: middle temporal A

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OINA or medial pterygoid: DEEP

O - medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
I - lateral surface of ramus and angle of mandible
N - nerve to media pterygoid muscles
A - laterally moves and protracts muscles
Artery - pterygoid branch of maxillary A

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OINA of medial pterygoid: SUPERFICIAL

O - maxillary tuberosity, pyramidal process of palatine bone I - medial surface of ramus and angle of mandible N - nerve to medial pterygoid muscle A - laterally moves and protracts muscle Artery - pterygoid branch of maxillary A

OINA of masseter: DEEP

O - inferior aspect of zygomatic arch I - lateral aspect of coronoid N - masseteric N A - elevates. Mandible,: assists in protraction of mandible Artery - masseteric A; transverse facial A, facial A

OINA of masseter: SUPERFICIAL

O - inferior aspect of zygomatic arch I - lateral aspect of ramus of mandible N - masseteric nerve A - elevates mandible; assists in protraction of mandible Artery - masseteric A; transverse facial A, facial A

OINA of lateral pterygoid: SUPERIOR HEAD

O - infra-temporal surface and infra-temporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone I - neck of mandible N - nerve to lateral pterygoid muscles A - laterally moves and protracts mandible Artery - pterygoid branch of maxillary A, ascending palatine artery

OINA of lateral pterygoid: INFERIOR HEAD

O - lateral aspect of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone I - neck of mandible N - nerve to lateral pterygoid muscle A - laterally moves and protracts mandible Artery - pterygoid branches of maxillary artery, ascending palatine A

Other muscles that are active during masitcation

Extrinsic and intrinsic muscle of the tongue Orbicularis oris Buccinator Infra hyoid muscles

Chewing cycle

Centric occlusion - incising occlusion Opening phase - mouth is opening Crushing phase - closing phase Grinding phase - occlusal or intercuspal phase happens

Evident when eating or drinking fluid

Anterior oral seal

Not evident when eating but occurs when drinking fluid so as to continue the fluid to the mouth prior to swallowing

Posterior oral seal

Lateral body shift of the mandible at the working side during laterotrusive movement

Bennett movement

Side that is in contact when doing masticatory movement, mandible is moving laterally and slightly posteriorly, 1-5mm, working or rotating condyle

Working side

An angle between the midsaggital plant and the curve of the non-working condyle

Bennett angle

Articulators can record bennett angle

Prosthodontics

Opposite non-working side, mandible is moving forwards, downwards and slightly medially, balancing or orbiting cycle

Non-working / balancing side

Role of saliva

Bolus formation, (H2O) moistens food particles, (mucins) binds food particles resulting to coherent and slippery bolus Start of chemical digestion though salivary amylase (carbohydrate breakdown) and lingual lipase (lipid breakdown)

Biting force or molar

500-700N between molar teeth

biting force of incisors

Between 100N

Forces during mastication ranges between??

70 - 150 N

Forces over 1500N are reported especially for

Bruxist

Factors of biting force

Ethnicity Gender ( male are stronger ) Age - old people, low biting force BMI - obese, lower biting force, due to adipose tissue content in the body Orthodontic treatment TMJ disorders

Mastication: control

Brainstem region - area of rhythmical masticatory movement generation from sensory inputs of the mouth (mechanoceptors) - from the sensory inputs, the brainstem release a feedback through mastication reflex

Produced after stimulation of jaw opening muscles and periodontal mechanoreceptors, reproduced through slight beating of the chin

Jaw opening reflex

produced after mechanical stimulation of mechanoreceptors

Jaw closing reflex

Is a reflex process of muscular contraction aiming to forward food, saliva or other substance from the oral cavity to the stomach

Deglutition

Frequency of deglutition

One per minute Decrease of swallowing activity occurs during sleep

3 phase of swallowing

Oral or buccal Pharyngeal Esophageal

Swallowing control is located where

Brainstem ( especially in the medulla oblongata and lower pons )

Different stimuli of deglutition

Sour perception Taste (sweet and salty) Smell - familiarity Trigeminal perception - thermal - touch - chemical agent - carbonation Texture perception - softer foods are more easier to swallow

Process of articulation and phonation

Articulation - formation of clear and distinct sound in speech Phonation - production and utterance or speech sound

Phonation process

The study of the production of speech sounds in the vocal tract

Articulatory phonetics

Two types of vowel sounds

Monophthongs - involve one vowel quality Diphthongs - involve two vowel qualities

Criteria for describing vowels

Height Backness Roundedness Height

Refers to how high or low the tongue is in the mouth when producing the vowel

Height

Refers to how far front or back the tongue is when producing the vowel, front, central and back vowel

Backness

Whether or not the lips are rounded when producing the vowel

Roundedness

How to descirbe vowels

Hight -> backness -> roundedness

Describing consonants

Voicing Place of articulation Manner of articulation

What is it callled when the air passes through open vocal folds

Voiceless sound

what is it called when air passes through vibrating vocal folds

Voiced sounds

Refers to where in the vocal tract the constriction of airflow takes place

Place of articulation

Produced with the upper teeth and he lower lips such as f & v

Labiodental sounds

Produced with the tongue in between the upper and lower teeth such as think and that

Interdental sounds

Produced with the tongue at or near the ridge right behind that upper front teeth such as t, d & s

Alveolar sounds

produced at the hard palate or the roof of the mouth such as shirt, pleasure, yellow

Palatal sounds

Produced at the glottis or the space betwen the vocal folds such as h & batman

Glottal sounds

refers to how the airflow is constricted in the vocal tract

Manner of articulation

Result from a complete constriction of airflow followed by a release of that air such as p,t,k,b,d,g,

Stop sounds

Produced when the tongue approaches but does not make contact with a place of articulation causing bottleneck of the airflow that gives the sound of friction like v, th, z and sh

Fricative

Results from the sequence of stop plus fricative in rapid succession ch represents t plus sh; g results from d & j

Affricate

Produced when the velum is lowered allowing air to pass through the nasal cavity such as m,n & ng

Nasal sounds

Produced by allowing air to pass by one or both sides at the tongue and the tongue itsel can move a lot to shape the sounds such as l & r

Liquid sounds

Produced with very little constriction or airflow so little that they are often referred to as semi-vowels such as w & j

Glide sounds

Involved rapid flick of the tongue to some place of articulation (rapid flick of the tongue at the alveolar ridge); example butter (two t producing a top sound)

Top sounds

How to describe consonants

Voicing -> place of articulation -> manner of articulation