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Histology > Stomach and Esophagus > Flashcards

Stomach and Esophagus Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers of the esophagus? What are they from outermost to innermost?

A 
4 layers: 
Serosa/adventitia
muscalaris externalis
submucosa
mucosa
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2
Q

What are the three layers of the esophageal mucosa?

A
  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscularis mucosa
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3
Q

What are the functions of the esophageal mucosa epithelium?

A

protective, absorptive, secretory –> may form glands –> often in folds/villi to increase SA

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4
Q

What is the esophageal mucosa epithelium composed of?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous/columnar -> undergoes continuous renewal

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5
Q

The upper third of the espohagus is composed of what muscle fibers?

A

skeletal muscle fibers, but undergo involuntary contractions

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6
Q

The middle third of the espohagus is composed of what muscle fibers?

A

mixture of smooth and skeletal muscle

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7
Q

The lower third of the espohagus is composed of what muscle fibers?

A

only smooth muscle

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8
Q

What does the lamina propria of the esophageal mucosa have?

A

glands, lymphatic tissue, and macrophages

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9
Q

What is the muscularis mucosa?

A
  • outer layer of the esophageal mucosa
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10
Q

What is the function of the muscularis mucosa

A

promotes movement of mucosa

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11
Q

What is the muscularis mucosa composed of?

A

2 thin layers of smooth muscle

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12
Q

what forms the submucosa?

A

dense connective tissue made from collagenous and elastic fibers
–thrown into folds

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13
Q

What is another name for the submucosal plexus?

A

What is another name for the meissner’s corpuscle?

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14
Q

Where would we find exocrine glands in the esophagus?

A

submucosa

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15
Q

Where do we find meissner’s plexus?

A

at the junction between submucosa and inner circular layer of the muscularis externa

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16
Q

Where do we find superficial glands? what else are the called?

A

superficial glands = cardiac glands

- found only in the lamina propria of the proximal and distal esophagus

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17
Q

What do esophageal cardiac glands do?

A

provide a thin, highly viscous film of mucous to lubricate the esophagus

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18
Q

What are the deeper glands of the esophagus?

A

aka esophageal glands = submucosal glands

  • secrete acidic mucin
  • located in the submucosa –> penetrate the muscularis mucosa to reach the lumen of the esophagus
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19
Q

What are two layers of the muscularis externa?

A

inner circularly arranged layer
outer longitudianally arranged layer

they may be smooth or skeletal

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20
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located? another name for it?

A

aka auerbach’s plexus

-between the two layers of the muscularis mucosa

21
Q

What is serosa?

A

loose connective tissue that is covered by a simple squamous mesothelium

22
Q

What is adventitia?

A

connective tissue merged together that supports and protects

23
Q

Where is the esophagus covered by serosa? and adventitia?

A

esophagus in the peritoneal cavity is covered by serosa, the rest is covered by adventitia

24
Q

What is Barrett’s esophagus?

A

a response to injury –conversion from stratified squamous to simple columnar –> causes inflammation, possible cause of cancer, especially if too much acid reflux

25
Q

What are the three functions of the stomach?

A
  1. reservoir of chyme
  2. secretion of HCl
  3. source of intrinsic factor
  4. short term storage facility for food
26
Q

What are the four layers of the stomach?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

27
Q

What are the four regions of the stomach?

A

cardia, fundus, body, pylorus

28
Q

What are rugae?

A

folds that increase the SA in the stomach - flatten as the stomach expands

29
Q

What type of epithelium cellular layer does the stomach have?

A

tall, simple columnar - replaced every 4-7 days

30
Q

What types of cells is line the stomach? what do they secrete?

A

mucus cells - secrete mucin, serves as a protective coating

31
Q

What are gastric glands?

A

invaginations of the surface epithelium

  • found in the body and fundus
  • largest and most numerous
  • make up 75% of the mucosa
32
Q

What are the three types of glands found in the stomach?

A

cardiac glands - found at the junction of the esophagus and stomach. secretions make up less than 10% of total mucosa
gastric glands - in the fundus, pylorus, and body - secrete 75% of mucosa
pyloric glands - 15% of mucosa secretions, found in the pylorus closest to duodenum of the stomach

33
Q

Where exactly do we find the gastric glands?

A

lamina propria of the mucosa

34
Q

What are the three parts of the gastric glands?

A

isthmus, neck, and body

35
Q

What types of cells are located in the neck region of the gastric/fundic glands?

A

mucous neck cells and parietal cells

36
Q

What types of cells are located in the body of the gastric/fundic glands?

A

upper part of the body: parietal and chief cells

lower part of the body: mostly chief cells

37
Q

What types of cells are mostly found in the cardiac and fundic glands?

A

mucus-secreting cells

38
Q

Tell me about the cardiac glands in the stomach.

A
  • short branched tubular glands with short gastric pits
  • centered around the esophageal orifice
  • produce a mucus secretion that is 10% of the stomach’s total secretion
39
Q

What are the three types of gastric glands?

A

cardiac, fundic, pyloric

40
Q

What are fundic glands?

A

= main gastric gland
99% of all stomach glands
-main acid (HCl) and enzymatic producing gland

41
Q

What are the 6 different cell types located in the fundic glands?

A
  1. surface epithelial cells
  2. undifferentiated/stem cell
  3. chief cells
  4. parietal cells
  5. mucous neck cells
  6. enteroendocrine cells
42
Q

Describe the surface epithelial cells of the fundic glands.

A

tall columnar cells that produce a basic mucus for protection

43
Q

Describe the undifferentiated/stem cell of the fundic gland.

A

mitotically active cells that can replace cells lost via apoptosis
- located in the isthmus and neck of the gland

44
Q

Describe the chief cells of the fundic gland.

A

localized at the base of the fundic gland and produce pepsinogen and lipase enzymes

45
Q

Describe the parietal cells of the fundic gland.

A

source of HCL and intrinsic factor – located mainly in the neck
- numerous mitochondria and cell membrane invaginations forming canaliculi from tubulovesicles

46
Q

Tell me about pyloric glands

A
  • mucus producing glands with deep gastric pits –> similar to cardiac glands, but with deeper pits
  • some enteroendocrine cells present
47
Q

What are the three layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A
  • outer longitudinal
  • middle circular
  • inner oblique
48
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located in the stomach wall?

A

between the middle circular and outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa

49
Q

What is the function of the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

provides a means of peristalsis - mixing action of the stomach

Histology (6 decks)

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