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Anatomy hilary > Stomach and Duodenum > Flashcards

Stomach and Duodenum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A serous membrane with 2 layers which encloses the peritoneal cavity in the abdomen and pelvis

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2
Q

2 layers of the peritoneum

A
  • Parietal layer

- Visceral layer

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3
Q

Parietal layer function

A

Lines the walls of the abdomen and pelvis

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4
Q

Visceral layer function

A

Encloses many of the abdominal and pelvic organs

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5
Q

Peritoneal cavity sacs

A

Greater and lesser sacs

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6
Q

Where does the greater sac extend from?

A

From the diaphragm to pelvic cavity

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7
Q

Where is the lesser sac located?

A

Behind the stomach in the upper abdomen

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8
Q

Where do the greater and lesser sacs communicate?

A

Through the epiploic foramen

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9
Q

Function x 2 of the sacs

A
  • Support the viscera

- Provides pathways for blood vessels and lymph to travel to and from the viscera.

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10
Q

Contents of the GI tract

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum
  • Ileum
  • Jejunum
  • Large intestine
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11
Q

What can the stomach stretch until?

A

4 L

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12
Q

X 4 Functions of the stomach

A
  • Regulate rate of emptying into small intestine. This is slow
  • Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
  • Inhibit bacterial growth (HCL) activates pepsinogen, the precursor to pepsin (breaks down proteins)
  • Provide intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption. Vit B12 is important for erythrocytes production and normal neurological function
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13
Q

Regions that the stomach lies in?

A

Lies in left hypochondrial, epigastric and umbilical region

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14
Q

Quadrants that the stomach lies in

A

Right and Left upper quadrants

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15
Q

Where does the cardia of stomach lie at

A

T10

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16
Q

Where does the pylorus of the stomach lie at?

A

L1

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17
Q

Where does the cardiac orifice usually lie?

A

Posterior to the 6th left costal cartilage, 2–4 cm from the median plane at the level of the T10-11

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18
Q

What is the pyloris?

A

A concentration of circular smooth muscle that controls the release of gastric contents to the duodenum

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19
Q

What does the rugae allow for?

A

Allows distension of the stomach as it fills up

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20
Q

Where does the body of the stomach lie?

A

Posterior to left rib 6

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21
Q

Which parts of the duodenum are fixed / mobile?

A

Proximal and distal ends

are fixed midportion is mobile

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22
Q

Where is the cardiac sphincter between?

A

The oesophagus and the stomach

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23
Q

Function of cardiac sphincter

A

It prevents backflow of food and digestive enzymes.

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24
Q

Function of the fundus of the stomach

A

It begins digestion of proteins and mixes together stomach contents

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25
Q

Function of the body of the stomach

A

It also digests proteins and blends materials found in stomach.

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26
Q

Where is the lesser curvature?

A

Forms the shorter concave right border of the stomach.

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27
Q

Where is the greater curvature?

A

Forms the longer convex left border of the stomach.

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28
Q

Pylorus function

A

Contracts to empty materials from the stomach into the small intestine

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29
Q

Function of pyloric sphincter

A

Prevents materials and digestive enzymes from escaping into the small intestine before digestion is completed in the stomach.

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30
Q

Connections of the

A

pg 14

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31
Q

What are the omenta?

A

Fused peritoneal folds, subdivisions of visceral peritoneum

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32
Q

Where does the greater omentum run from and surround?

A

Greater curvature to transverse colon and posterior abdominal wall and angs like an apron, surrounding the small intestine

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33
Q

Ligaments of the greater omentum?

A

The gastrophrenic, gastrocolic and gastrosplenic ligaments

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34
Q

Where does the lesser omentum go and run as?

A

Lesser curvature to liver as the hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments

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35
Q

What opening does the lesser omentum contain?

A

The opening into the lesser sac or foramen of Winslow.

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36
Q

4 layers of the gut wall

A

1) Outer visceral peritoneum
2) Smooth muscle (skeletal
in upper ¼ esophagus)
3) Submucosal layer
4) Inner lining of mucous membrane

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37
Q

What is the outer visceral peritoneum made of?

A

Serosa - tough collagenous connective tissue

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38
Q

What other layer does the stomach have?

A

An inner oblique layer

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39
Q

What is the submucosal layer composed of?

A

Loose connective tissue

Blood vessels, nerves and lymph

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40
Q

What type of epithelium is the inner lining of muscus membrane?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

41
Q

What does the inner lining of mucus membrane contain and function?

A
  • Cilia to increase op

- Goblet cells to produce mucous

42
Q

3 muscle groups in the stomach

A
  • A longitudinal layer
  • A circular layer
  • A longitudinal layer
43
Q

What is the longitudinal layer of the stomach continuous with?

A

With the longitudinal muscle layer of the esophagus and duodenum

44
Q

Where is the circular layer of the stomach thickest and what does it form?

A

Thickest in the pylorus - forms the pyloric sphincter.

45
Q

Where is the inner oblique layer best developed?

A

In the cardia and body

46
Q

Where does the myenteric plexus (Auerbachs plexus) lie?

A
47
Q

Where does the myenteric plexus (Auerbachs plexus) lie?

A

In the connective tissue lamina

48
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus (Auerbachs plexus)?

A

It separates the circular from the longitudinal muscle fibers - motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer of the gut, both parasympathetic and sympathetic input

49
Q

What are gastric areas?

A

When mucosa is divided by furrows into small irregular elevations.

50
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

The surface of each gastric area studded with minute depressions.

51
Q

What is the longest part of the alimentary canal?

A

The small intestine

52
Q

Where does most enzymatic digestion occur?

A

small intestine

53
Q

Where are most enzymes secreted by?

A

Pancreas

54
Q

3 subdivisions of duodenum and length percentage

A

◦ Duodenum – 5% of length
◦ Jejunum – almost 40%
◦ Ileum – almost 60%

55
Q

Blood supply to small intestine

A

Superior mesenteric artery

56
Q

Where do veins of small intestine drain into?

A

Hepatic portal vein

57
Q

What is the suspensory muscle of the duodenum?

A

Ligament of Treitz

58
Q

What forms the “Ligament of Treitz”?

A

Smooth muscle and elastic fibres from the right diaphragmatic crus to parts 3 and 4 of the duodenum

59
Q

pg

A

23

60
Q

Is the duodenum intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal (under peritoneum)

61
Q

What does the duodenum receive and via where? x2

A
  • Bile from liver and gallbladder via bile duct

- Enzymes from pancreas via main pancreatic duct

62
Q

What does the left gastric artery supply?

A
  • Oesophagus

- Stomach

63
Q

Where does the left gastric artery curve around?

A

Curves around to travel in the lesser curve of the stomach

64
Q

What does the splenic artery supply?

A
  • Spleen

- Stomach

65
Q

What does the splenic artery give rise to en route to the spleen?

A

Gastric branches

66
Q

What does the left gastric artery form on the lesser curve?

A

Forms an anastomosis with the right gastric artery

67
Q

Where does the right gastric artery arise from?

A

From the common hepatic artery

68
Q

What does the gastroepiploic artery come from?

A

Common hepatic artery

69
Q

Where does the right gastroepiploic artery run alone?

A

The greater curve of stomach

70
Q

What does the right gastroepiploic artery form after running alone the greater curve?

A

Forms an anastomosis with the left gastroepiploic artery

71
Q

What is the left gastroepiploic artery a branch of?

A

Splenic artery

72
Q

What is the fundus of the stomach supplied by?

A

The vasa brevia (short gastric arteries)

73
Q

Where do the vasa brevia (or short gastric arteries) arise from?

A

From near the termination of the splenic artery

74
Q

Branches of the hepatic portal system x 3 and where

A

1) Splenic Vein - foregut
2) Superior Mesenteric Vein – mid gut
3) Inferior Mesenteric Vein – hind gut

75
Q

Where does the hepatic portal vein?

A

The liver

76
Q

Where does the vagus nerve pass?

A

Along with esophagus through diaphragm and branches

77
Q

pg

A

30

78
Q

What occurs in gastrophageal reflux?

A

Stomach contents, including acid, can travel backward up the esophagus. There may be no symptoms, or reflux may cause heartburn or coughing.

79
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD):

A

When symptoms of reflux become bothersome or occur frequently, they’re called GERD. Infrequently, GERD can cause serious problems of the esophagus.

80
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Another name for stomach upset or indigestion. Dyspepsia may be caused by almost any benign or serious condition that affects the stomach.

81
Q

Gastric ulcer (stomach ulcer)

A

An erosion in the lining of the stomach, often causing pain and/or bleeding. Gastric ulcers are most often caused by NSAIDs or H. pylori infection.

82
Q

Peptic ulcer disease

A

Ulcers in either the stomach or the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) are regarded as peptic ulcer disease.

83
Q

Crohns disease

A

A chronic disease that causes inflammation and pain in your digestive tract leading to diarrhoea and weight loss

84
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES)

A

One or more tumours that secrete hormones that lead to increased acid production. Severe GERD and peptic ulcer disease result from this rare disorder.

85
Q

Gastric varices

A

In people with severe liver disease, veins in the stomach may swell and bulge under increased pressure. Called varices, these veins are at high risk for bleeding, although less so than esophageal varices are.

86
Q

What is secreted in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and what does it cause?

A

Secrete large amounts of gastrin, which causes your stomach to produce too much HCL by parietal cells leading to peptic ulsers.

87
Q

How is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome treated?

A

By reducing the amount of gastric acid your stomach produces.
Medications called proton pump inhibitors reducethe production of stomach acid
and allow the ulcers to heal.
lansoprazole (Prevacid), omeprazole (Prilosec), pantoprazole (Protonix),
esomeprazole (Nexium), and rabeprazole (Aciphex),

88
Q

Mucosa and Lamina Propria epithelium type

A

Simple columnar epithelium

89
Q

Submucosa function

A

Separates the muscularis from the mucosa.

90
Q

What does the submucosa consist of?

A

Coarse collagenous fibers and many elastic fibers, plus blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and the plexus of Meissner. Glands are absent.

91
Q

Function of mucous cells

A

Secrete mucus to protect epithelial cells from enzymes

& acid

92
Q

Parietal cells function

A

Secrete HCl (for protein digestion) & intrinsic factor (for B12 absorption)

93
Q

What do chief cells contain

A

Zymogens granules

94
Q

What is the abundant of the gastric cells?

A

Chief cells

95
Q

Function of chief cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen, activated by HCl; to become proteolytic enzyme pepsin.

96
Q

Gastric enteroendocrine cells functions

A

Secretes gastrin, which stimulates the release of HCL by parietal cells

97
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

A network of blood and lymph capillaries

98
Q

pg

A

41

Anatomy hilary (9 decks)

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