Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy hilary > 5 The heart > Flashcards

5 The heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shape of the pericardium?

A

Conical shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the pericardium continuous with?

A

With pretracheal layer of cervical fascia superiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nb function of pericardium

A

Shock absorber (cardiac seatbelt), prevents over expansion when blood increases and limits heart movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Layers of pericardium

A
  • Fibrous

- Serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Outermost layer of pericardium

A

Fibrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe fibrous layer

A

Irregular dense connective tissue with much collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Function of fibrous layer

A

To anchor heart to diaphragm and the great vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Serous pericardium layers

A
  • Parietal

- Visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the parietal layer attached to?

A

Fibrous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the visceral attached to?

A

To surface of the heart and aorta, pulmonary trunk, vena cavae (epicardium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do the lines of reflection between visceral and parietal pericardium form?

A

Two pericardial sinuses – oblique and transverse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pericardial cavity filled with?

A

With serous pericardial fluid, really a potential space containing 10-20 mls of pericardial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Function of pericardial cavity being lubricated?

A

Prevents friction as the heart beats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus located?

A

Anterior to the SVC and post to the Ascending aorta and Pulmonary Trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the transverse pericardial sinus seperate?

A

The arterial vessels (A, PT) and the venous vessels (SVC, PV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can the transverse sinus be used to locate?

A

The arteries of the heart during coronary artery bypass grafting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the oblique sinus bound by?

A

The lines of reflection of the serous pericardium onto the

inferior vena cava and the left and right pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cardiac tamponade long

A

The relatively inextensible fibrous pericardium can cause pericardial effusion (increased fluid) in the pericardial cavity. Increased pressure. The chambers can become compressed, thus compromising cardiac output.
Haemopericardium (bloodin the pericardium) and pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Arterial blood of pericardium

A
  • Internal thoracic - Musculophrenic and pericardiophrenic branches
  • Descending thoracic aorta from bronchial, oesophageal and superior phrenic arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Venous blood of pericardium

A

Venous drainage to azygous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nerves of pericardium

A

Phrenic nerve to fibrous and serous pericardium / visceral is vagus and sympathetic trunks (insensitive to pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 layers of the heart from out - in

A
  • Epicardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe epicardium

A
  • Visceral layer of pericardium

- Adipose and fibroelastic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is endocardium ?

A
  • Endothelial cells

- Smooth lining also covering the valves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where are cardiac muscle fibres anchored to?

A

To the fibrous skeleton of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Functions of the skeleton of heart x 3

A
  • Prevent over distension of valves
  • Serve as attachments of leaflets and cusps
  • Provide electrical insulation from atria and ventricles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Framework of skeleton of heart

A

Framework of dense collagen forming four fibrous rings (L. annuli fibrosi) that surround the orifices of the valves 2 rings and 2 cononets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are sulci?

A

Grooves on surface of heart containing coronary blood vessels and fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

x 3 sulci

A
  • Coronary sulcus
  • Anterior interventricular sulcus
  • Posterior interventricular sulcus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Coronary sulcus marks

A

Encircles heart and marks the boundary between the atria and the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the anterior interventricular sulcus mark?

A

Marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the posterior interventricular sulcus mark?

A

The boundary between the ventricles posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Myocarditis

A

inflammation due to infections, chemicals, medication

  • Often caused by viral infection
  • Need for biopsy
  • Mild disease, chest pain to heart failure, or sudden death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation usually involving the valves (bacterial endocarditis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Infective endocarditis

A
  • Bacterial infection
  • Valves, septum, chordae tendinae
  • Most common cardiovascular infection worldwide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Left coronary artery pathway

A

Arises from left posterior aortic sinus and passes forward between the left auricle and infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Artery in the interventricular groove

A

Anterior descending interventricular groove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

SA nodal percent

A

40%

40
Q

SA nodal artery percent

A

60%

41
Q

Circumflex branch location and supplies

A

In coronary sulcus, supplies left atrium and left ventricle – sometimes AV node (left dominant)

42
Q

Branches of anterior descending interventricular artery

A

Conus branch and diagonal branch

43
Q

Right coronary artery course

A

Ant aortic sinus travels between infundibulum of the right ventricle and the right auricle to AV groove

44
Q

redo page

A

16

45
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply?

A
  • The right atrium.
  • Most of right ventricle.
  • Diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle
  • Part of the IV septum, usually the posterior third.
  • The SA node (in approximately 60%).
  • The AV node (in approx 70 80%).
46
Q

What does the left coronary artery supply?

A
  • The left atrium.
  • Most of left ventricle.
  • Part of right ventricle.
  • Most of IVS (usually its anterior two thirds), including the AV bundle through its perforating IV septal branches.
  • The SA node (in approx 40%).
47
Q

What drains to the great cardiac vein?

A

Posterior, the oblique vein, middle and small cardiac veins

48
Q

Where does the great cardiac vein drain into?

A

Coronary sinus

49
Q

Where does the coronary sinus empty into?

A

Right atrium

50
Q

Right pump circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation

51
Q

Left pump circulation

A

Systemic and coronary circulation

52
Q

Right pump describe blood flow

A
  • Atrium receives de-oxygenated blood from systemic and coronary circulation
  • Blood passes to ventricle before being sent to the lungs
53
Q

Left pump describe blood flow

A
  • Atrium receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation
  • Blood passes to ventricle before being sent to the body and heart
54
Q

Where does the right atrium receive blood from?

A

From the superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

55
Q

What is fossa ovalis?

A

A remnant of the embryonic inter-atrial circulation

56
Q

What is the posterior wall of the right atrium like?

A

Smooth

57
Q

What is the wall of the right atrium other than the posterior wall like?

A

Ridged by pectinate muscles

58
Q

Where is the sulcus terminalis and what is it produced by?

A

Between SVC and auricle produced by crista terminalis on lateral wall bxn vena cava

59
Q

What is the right ventricle separated from the atrium by?

A

By a tricuspid atrioventricular valve.

60
Q

What is the tricuspid valve opened by?

A

Opened by contraction of papillary muscles pulling on chrodae tendinae

61
Q

What is the inflow tract of right ventricle like?

A

Rugged - Trabeculae carnae

62
Q

What is the outflow tract of right ventricle like?

A

Smooth

62
Q

What is the outflow tract of right ventricle like?

A

Smooth

63
Q

What is the outflow to pulmonary trunk controlled by?

A

Pulmonary valve (semilunar valve)

64
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk split into?

A

The right and left pulmonary arteries (de-oxygenated blood)

65
Q

Cusps of tricuspid valve/

A

Anterior cusp
Posterior cusp
Septal cusps
- attached to the fibrous AV ring

66
Q

What are the walls of the left atrium like?

A

Both smooth

67
Q

Auricle of left atrium?

A

A small out pouching extension which has pectinate muscles

68
Q

What deos the left atrium open into and regulated by>

A

Opens into left ventricle and regulated by the bicuspid valve.

69
Q

What is the left ventricle separated from the atrium by?

A

By bicuspid atrioventricular valve

70
Q

Where are the anterior and posterior cusps attached to?

A

To fibrous AV ring

71
Q

What is the bicuspid valve opened by?

A

By contraction of papillary muscles pulling on chordae tendinae - ant and post

72
Q

What is the inflow tract of left ventricle like?

A

Rugged - Trabeculae carnae

73
Q

What is the outflow tract of left ventricle like?

A

Smooth

74
Q

What is the thickest part of the heart?

A

Wall of left ventricle

75
Q

What is the outflow to aorta controlled by?

A

Aortic valve (semilunar valve)

76
Q

Where do coronary arteries branch off?

A

The ascending aorta

77
Q

Nervous system innervation of the heart

A

Autonomic nervous system

78
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do to activity and act via?

A

Inhibits activity - vagus nerve

Acts via acetlycholine

79
Q

What is the cardiac plexus?

A

A collection of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibres (inferior aortic arch)

80
Q

What does the sympathetic system do to the heart and act via?

A

Enhances activity - sympathetic trunk

Acts via release of norepinephrine and epinephrine

81
Q

What accompanies sympathetic nerves?

A

Afferent (sensory nerve fibres)

82
Q

What occurs in the relaxation period?

A

Ventricles are relaxed and blood flows from the atria to the ventricles

83
Q

What occurs in atrial systole?

A

Atria contract to completely fill the ventricles

84
Q

What occurs in ventricular systole?

A

Ventricles contract to push blood of out the heart

85
Q

Nerve signals through heart (from cardiac muscle fibres)

A
  • SA node generates action potential that spreads through both atria, synchronising their contraction.
  • SA node signal to AV node is delayed ensuring time for atria to empty into ventricles
  • AV node signal spreads throughout the ventricles which contract to expel the blood
    (Via bundles of His and Purkinje fibres)
86
Q

Describe atrial fibrillation (AF)

A
  • The most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia
  • Maintained by reentry and/or rapid focal ectopic firing
  • Potential for blood clot
  • Heart palpitations, shortness of breath and weakness
87
Q

Describe ventricular fibrillation (VF)

A
  • Most serious cardiac rhythm disturbance
  • Most commonly identified arrhythmia
  • Uncoordinated contraction of ventricular endocardium
88
Q

Valve disorders x 3

A
  • Genetic, bacterial infection
  • Incompetent valve (failure to completely close)
  • Stenotic (narrowed opening)
89
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

When the heart rate is too slow - less than 60 beats per minute

90
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

When the heart rate is too fast - more than 100 beats per minute

91
Q

Heart disorders x 5

A
  • Coronary artery disease
  • Heart failure
  • Fibrillations
  • Transposition of the great vessels
  • Septal defects
92
Q

What is coronary artery disease

A

Blockage of coronary arteries

  • Angina pectoris
  • Myocardial infarction
93
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Weakening of heart muscle

94
Q

Types of fibrillations

A

Atrial and ventricular fibrillations

Anatomy hilary (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions