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RADBIO > STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION > Flashcards

STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION Flashcards

1
Q

principal stochastic effects of low-dose radiation over long periods
consists of

A

RADIATION-INDUCED MALIGNANCY and GENETIC EFFECTS.

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2
Q

Radiation Protection guidelines are based on what?

A

suspected or observed

stochastic effects of radiation

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3
Q

What threshold dose does stochastic effects have?

A

Linear, Nonthreshold

Dose-Response Relationship.

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4
Q

Stochastic effects of radiation exposure exhibit an increasing incidence of _____ and not ______

A

response, severity

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5
Q

Stochastic effects has effects on what local tissues?

A

skin
chromosomes
cataracts

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6
Q

OCCUPATIONAL DOSE LIMIT OF SKIN AND EXTERMITIES

A

500 mSv/yr

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7
Q

public dose of the skin

A

50 mSv/yr

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8
Q

the integumentary system’s response to ionizing radiation

exposure. Effects can range from erythematous rash to desquamation and necrosis.

A

RADIODERMATITIS

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9
Q

personnel monitoring of the skin?

A

Ring Badges

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10
Q

Personnel radiation protective equipment of the skin

A

lead gown, lead gloves

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11
Q

In addition to the deterministic effects of erythema and desquamation and late developing carcinoma, chronic irradiation of the skin can result

A

in severe

nonmalignant changes

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12
Q

What’s the deterministic response of radiation to chromosomes?

A

Irradiation of blood-forming organs can produce

HEMATOLOGIC DEPRESSION

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13
Q

What’s the stochastic response of radiation to chromosomes?

A

Irradiation of blood-forming organs can produce LEUKEMIA

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14
Q

What is both a deterministic and stochastic response of chromosomes to radiation?

A

Chromosome damage in the circulating lymphocytes

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15
Q

Even a ______ of radiation can produce chromosome
aberrations that may not be apparent until many years
after radiation exposure

A

low dose

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16
Q

what is a cataract?

A

an opacity of the eye lens, develops due to aging

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17
Q

Radiosensitivity of the lens of the eye is _______

A

age-dependent

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18
Q

As the age of the individual
_____, the radiation effect becomes _____,
and the latent period becomes _____.

A

increases, greater, shorter

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19
Q

what’s the dose response relationship of radiation to cataracts?

A

Non-linear,

threshold

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20
Q

Personnel radiation protective equipment for cataracts

A

Lead goggles

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21
Q

Dose limit of rad workers for cataracts

A

150 mSv/yr

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22
Q

Dose limit of public for cataracts

A

15 mSv/yr

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23
Q

Experiments conducted on animals showed what relationship?

A

Linear, nonthreshold

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24
Q

Humans can expect a reduced life span of

approximately _____for every _____

A

10 days, 10 mGy

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25
Q

What’s the most life-shortening condition and how many expected days can be lost from it?

A

being a male rather than a female, 2800

26
Q

What’s the least life-shortening condition and how many expected days can be lost from it?

A

airplane crashes, 1

27
Q

being a radiation worker can lose how many days

A

12

28
Q

All the stochastic effects, including radiationinduced malignancy, have been observed in what?

A

experimental animals

29
Q

cancer of the body’s
blood-forming tissues, including
the bone marrow and the
lymphatic system.

A

leukemia

30
Q

dose-response relationship of leukemia?

A

linear, no-threshold

31
Q

Leukemia is considered to have a latent

period of _____ and an at risk period of approx. ______

A

4-7 yrs, 20 yrs

32
Q

What does ABCC mean?

A

Atomic Bomb Casualty

Commission

33
Q

ABCC is now known as?

A

Radiation Effects Research

Foundation (RERF).

34
Q

_____ and _____ were

observed most often among atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

A

Acute Leukemia and Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia

35
Q

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

A

an arthritis-like

condition of the vertebral column.

36
Q

What are the other radiation induced cancers?

A 
Thyroid CA
Bone CA
Skin CA
Breast CA
Lung CA
Liver CA
37
Q

were treated shortly after birth for thymic enlargement

A

Ann Arbor Series
(1940s) and the Rochester Series
(1950s)

38
Q

a gland lying just

below the thyroid gland that can enlarge shortly after birth in response to infection

A

Thymus

39
Q

How would you treat a thymus enlargement?

A

Radiation was often the

treatment of choice 5 Gy (500 rad)

40
Q

21 children were subjected to high levels of radioactive fall out during a hydrogen bomb test
.

A

Rongelap Atoll (1954)

41
Q

In the Rongelap Atoll, children received radiation doses to the thyroid gland from both external exposure and
internal ingestion of approx ____

A

12 Gy

42
Q

various small laboratories hired employees, most often female, who worked at benches painting watch dials with paint laden with radium sulfate

A

RADIUM WATCH -DIAL PAINTERS

1920s and 1930s

43
Q

These were used because the emitted radiation, principally alpha and beta particles, would continuously
excite the luminous compounds so the
watch would glow in the dark

A

Radium Salts

44
Q

When radium salts are ingested, what happens?

A

the radium would behave metabolically similar to calcium and deposit in bone

45
Q

Bones receive up to what doses of radiation?

A

500 Gy

46
Q 
Skin Cancer induced in
radiotherapy recipients
treated with Orthovoltage
(\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) or
Superficial X-rays (\_\_\_\_\_\_).
A

200-300 kVp

50-150 kVP

47
Q

Radiation-Induced skin

cancer follows a what relationship

A

threshold-dose response

48
Q

Year in which concern surfaced after reports were published of breast cancer developing in patients with tuberculosis.

A

1960s

49
Q

When and who were 50% of the workers died of lung ca?

A

20th century & Bohemian Pitchblende Mines of Germany workers

50
Q

exposure from ____ in the mines contributed to the incidence of lung
cancer in these miners.

A

Radon

51
Q

Thorotrast is also known as?

A

Thorium Dioxide (ThO2)

52
Q

Thorotrast is a contrast agent for what?

A

angiography

53
Q

contained several

radioisotopes of thorium and its decay products

A

thorotrast

54
Q

Radiation that was emitted produced a dose in the ratio of

approx. _____

A

100:1:1 Alpha, Beta, Gamma

55
Q

Latent period of thorotrast?

A

15-20 yrs

56
Q

What is an extravascular injection?

A

carcinogenic at the site of the injection.

57
Q

What does the BEIR in BEIR committee mean?

A

Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation

58
Q

what does the BEIR Committee do?

A

Reviews the data on
stochastic effects of low-dose,
low-LET radiation

59
Q

The Beir committee stated that less
than ____ may not be
harmful.

A

10 mGy

60
Q

Radiation before pregnancy can cause what?

A

interrupted fetility

61
Q

Radiation during pregnancy can cause what?

A

congenital effects

62
Q

Radiation after pregnancy can cause what?

A

suspected genetic effects

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