RADBIOLOGY (CELLS) Flashcards
study of the effect of ionizing radiation
Radiobiology
what are molecules
they are atoms of various elements combined together
what are the 6 levels of organization?
Chemical Level Cell Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ Systems Level Organism Level
Define Compound
Any quantity of one type of molecule; elements that are combined together
Whats the formula for the principle quantum no?
2 (n)^2
How do you know an atom is stable?
When there is an equal no. of protons and electrons
How many electrons can the most outer shell contain?
8
What are the 2 kinds of compounds?
Covalent & Ionic
Define Covalent C.
Covalent C. share one or more pairs of electrons
Define ionic c
Ionic C are held together by the force of attraction between opposite charges
Who and when was the word cell coined
ROBERT HOOKE, 1665
Who and when described the first living cell using a microscope
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK, 1673
Who are the authors of cell theory
SCHWANN & SCHNEIDER, 1838
What are the different cell parts?
Cell Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nuclear Membrane Ribosomes Lysosomes ER Mitochondria Golgi Bodies
What is a cell?
Building block of all organisms, comes from pre-existing cells
It makes bulk of the cell and contains great quantities of all molecular components
Cytoplasm
What is a portion of the cytoplasm?
Cytosol
What is the cytosol?
site of many chemical reactions required for the cell’s existence
What is the mitochondria?
Bean-like structure; where molecules are digested to produce energy for the cell; engine of the cell
What is the ER?
Series of channels that allows the nucleus to communicate w/ the cytoplasm
These are small dot-like structures and where the protein-synthesis take place
RIBOSOMES
These are pea-like sacs that are capable of digesting cellular fragments & sometimes the cell itself
LYSOSOMES
Principal Molecular component that carries DNA
NUCLEUS
What are the highest and lowest atomic composition of the body and by how much?
H 60%
Other Trace elements 0.8%
What are the highest and lowest tissue composition of the body?
Muscle 43%
Skin 3%
What happens if molecular synthesis is damaged?
Cell may malfunction and die
What is protein synthesis?
contains a molecular code that identifies w/c proteins the cell will make
What are macromolecules?
Very large molecules
What is an organic mole.
life supporting and contain carbon (carbs, lipids, proteins)
One of the rarest mole. and considered to be the most critical & radiosensitive target mole.
NUCLEIC ACID
2 kinds of metabolism
Catabolism
Anabolism
Define Cata. and Ana
CATA - breaking down into small units of macromole.
Ana - build muscle mass
Types of macromolecules
Proteins, Lipids, Carbs, Nucleic Acid
Makes up 15% of the body and is a long chain of macromole connected by peptide bonds
Proteins
Mass of protein
50% C 20% O 17% N 7% H 6% other elements
Roles of Proteins
Provide structure and support
Function as enzymes
Function as hormones
Function as antibodies
Composed solely of C,H,O and are present in all tissues of the body
Lipids (Fats)
What are the 2 smaller molecules of Lipids?
Glycerol and Fatty acid
Similarity of Carbs to lipids
Composed solely of C,H,O but structured differently
Role of Lipids
Serve as thermal insulator from the environment
serve as fuel by providing energy storage
Roles of carbs
serve as fuel for metabolism
provide shape and stability into the structure of cells and tissues
What are nucleic acid?
v. large & extremely complex macromole. made up of DNA & RNA
Where are DNA & RNA located?
DNA - nucleus
RNA- principally in the cytoplasm but can also be found in the nucleus
What is cell proliferation?
single cell / group of cells to reproduce & multiply in nos.
2 kinds of cells
SOMATIC -tissue cells
GENETIC - oogonium & spermatogonium
2 kinds of cell division
Mitosis and Meiosis
Difference between MITOSIS & MEIOSIS
MITOSIS
- undergoes 1 cell division
- only has 2 phases of cell division (Inter, M)
- produces 2 daughter cells
- only somatic cells undergo this process
MEIOSIS
- undergoes 2 cell divisons
- has 3 phases of cell division (Inter, M1, M2)
- produces 4 daughter cells
- only genetic cells undergo this process
Process of Mitosis
A. Interphase -G1 - Synthesis -G2 B. Mitosis -Prophase -Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase
Process of Meiosis
A. Interphase (G1, Synthesis, G2)
B. Meiosis I (PMAT 1)
C. Meiosis 2 (PMAT 2)
What is the dna synthesis phase where the dna is replicated into 2?
Synthesis phase
How many chromosomes do we start with meiosis?
23 chromosomes
Why is the s phase in meiosis not as relevant as it is in mitosis?
it is because there is no dna replication happening in meiosis
