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RADBIO > RADBIOLOGY (CELLS) > Flashcards

RADBIOLOGY (CELLS) Flashcards

1
Q

study of the effect of ionizing radiation

A

Radiobiology

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2
Q

what are molecules

A

they are atoms of various elements combined together

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3
Q

what are the 6 levels of organization?

A 
Chemical Level
Cell Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ Systems Level
Organism Level
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4
Q

Define Compound

A

Any quantity of one type of molecule; elements that are combined together

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5
Q

Whats the formula for the principle quantum no?

A

2 (n)^2

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6
Q

How do you know an atom is stable?

A

When there is an equal no. of protons and electrons

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7
Q

How many electrons can the most outer shell contain?

A

8

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8
Q

What are the 2 kinds of compounds?

A

Covalent & Ionic

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9
Q

Define Covalent C.

A

Covalent C. share one or more pairs of electrons

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10
Q

Define ionic c

A

Ionic C are held together by the force of attraction between opposite charges

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11
Q

Who and when was the word cell coined

A

ROBERT HOOKE, 1665

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12
Q

Who and when described the first living cell using a microscope

A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK, 1673

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13
Q

Who are the authors of cell theory

A

SCHWANN & SCHNEIDER, 1838

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14
Q

What are the different cell parts?

A 
Cell
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nuclear Membrane
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
ER
Mitochondria
Golgi Bodies
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15
Q

What is a cell?

A

Building block of all organisms, comes from pre-existing cells

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16
Q

It makes bulk of the cell and contains great quantities of all molecular components

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

What is a portion of the cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol

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18
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

site of many chemical reactions required for the cell’s existence

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19
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Bean-like structure; where molecules are digested to produce energy for the cell; engine of the cell

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20
Q

What is the ER?

A

Series of channels that allows the nucleus to communicate w/ the cytoplasm

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21
Q

These are small dot-like structures and where the protein-synthesis take place

A

RIBOSOMES

22
Q

These are pea-like sacs that are capable of digesting cellular fragments & sometimes the cell itself

A

LYSOSOMES

23
Q

Principal Molecular component that carries DNA

A

NUCLEUS

24
Q

What are the highest and lowest atomic composition of the body and by how much?

A

H 60%

Other Trace elements 0.8%

25
Q

What are the highest and lowest tissue composition of the body?

A

Muscle 43%

Skin 3%

26
Q

What happens if molecular synthesis is damaged?

A

Cell may malfunction and die

27
Q

What is protein synthesis?

A

contains a molecular code that identifies w/c proteins the cell will make

28
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Very large molecules

29
Q

What is an organic mole.

A

life supporting and contain carbon (carbs, lipids, proteins)

30
Q

One of the rarest mole. and considered to be the most critical & radiosensitive target mole.

A

NUCLEIC ACID

31
Q

2 kinds of metabolism

A

Catabolism

Anabolism

32
Q

Define Cata. and Ana

A

CATA - breaking down into small units of macromole.

Ana - build muscle mass

33
Q

Types of macromolecules

A

Proteins, Lipids, Carbs, Nucleic Acid

34
Q

Makes up 15% of the body and is a long chain of macromole connected by peptide bonds

A

Proteins

35
Q

Mass of protein

A 
50% C
20% O
17% N
7% H
6% other elements
36
Q

Roles of Proteins

A

Provide structure and support
Function as enzymes
Function as hormones
Function as antibodies

37
Q

Composed solely of C,H,O and are present in all tissues of the body

A

Lipids (Fats)

38
Q

What are the 2 smaller molecules of Lipids?

A

Glycerol and Fatty acid

39
Q

Similarity of Carbs to lipids

A

Composed solely of C,H,O but structured differently

40
Q

Role of Lipids

A

Serve as thermal insulator from the environment

serve as fuel by providing energy storage

41
Q

Roles of carbs

A

serve as fuel for metabolism

provide shape and stability into the structure of cells and tissues

42
Q

What are nucleic acid?

A

v. large & extremely complex macromole. made up of DNA & RNA

43
Q

Where are DNA & RNA located?

A

DNA - nucleus

RNA- principally in the cytoplasm but can also be found in the nucleus

44
Q

What is cell proliferation?

A

single cell / group of cells to reproduce & multiply in nos.

45
Q

2 kinds of cells

A

SOMATIC -tissue cells

GENETIC - oogonium & spermatogonium

46
Q

2 kinds of cell division

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

47
Q

Difference between MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

A

MITOSIS

  • undergoes 1 cell division
  • only has 2 phases of cell division (Inter, M)
  • produces 2 daughter cells
  • only somatic cells undergo this process

MEIOSIS

  • undergoes 2 cell divisons
  • has 3 phases of cell division (Inter, M1, M2)
  • produces 4 daughter cells
  • only genetic cells undergo this process
48
Q

Process of Mitosis

A 
A. Interphase
  -G1
  - Synthesis
  -G2
B. Mitosis
 -Prophase
 -Metaphase
 -Anaphase 
-Telophase
49
Q

Process of Meiosis

A

A. Interphase (G1, Synthesis, G2)
B. Meiosis I (PMAT 1)
C. Meiosis 2 (PMAT 2)

50
Q

What is the dna synthesis phase where the dna is replicated into 2?

A

Synthesis phase

51
Q

How many chromosomes do we start with meiosis?

A

23 chromosomes

52
Q

Why is the s phase in meiosis not as relevant as it is in mitosis?

A

it is because there is no dna replication happening in meiosis

RADBIO (7 decks)

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