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RADBIO > DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION > Flashcards

DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION Flashcards

1
Q

What are the kinds of acute radiation lethality?

A 
Prodromal Period
Latent Period
Manifest Illness
LD 50/60
Mean Survival Time
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2
Q

What are the different hematologic effects?

A

Hematopoietic System

Hematopoietic Cell Survival

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3
Q

Whats the anatomic site and threshold dose of death?

A 
Whole Body
2 Gy (200 rad)
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4
Q

Whats the anatomic site and threshold dose of hematologic depression?

A 
Whole Body
250 mGy (25 rad)
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5
Q

Whats the anatomic site and threshold dose of Skin Erythema?

A 
Small Field
2 Gy (200 rad)
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6
Q

Whats the anatomic site and threshold dose of Epilation?

A 
Small Field
3 Gy (300 rad)
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7
Q

Whats the anatomic site and threshold dose of Chromosome Aberration?

A 
Whole Body
50 mGy (25 rad)
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8
Q

Whats the anatomic site and threshold dose of Gonadal Dysfunction?

A 
Local Tissue
100 mGy (10 rad)
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9
Q

ARE THOSE THAT EXHIBIT INCREASING SENSITIVITY WITH INCREASING RADIATION DOSE.

A

Deterministic Radiation Response

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10
Q

Whats the dose-response relationship in deterministic radiation response?

A

Non-linear

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11
Q

TO PRODUCE A RADIATION RESPONSE IN HUMANS WITHIN A FEW DAYS TO MONTHS, THE DOSE MUST BE SUBSTANTIAL. SUCH RESPONSE IS CALLED A

A

EARLY EFFECT OF RADIATION EXPOSURE

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12
Q

EARLY X-RAY PIONEERS DIED FROM THE STOCHASTIC EFFECTS OF X-RAY EXPOSURE.

A

Acute Radiation Lethality

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13
Q

What relationship does acute radiation lethality follow?

A

NON-LINEAR, THRESHOLD DOSE-RESPONSE

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14
Q

This is the immediate response of radiation sickness

A

Prodromal Period

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15
Q

Prodromal Period consists of what symptoms?

A

acute clinical symptoms

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16
Q

What is the required radiation dose delivered to the total body for signs and symptoms to appear in prodromal period?

A

above approx 1 GY (100 rad)

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17
Q

How long do the signs and symptoms appear in prodromal period?

A

within minutes to hours

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18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of prodromal period?

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

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19
Q

Aside from nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

A

leukopenia - reduction in white blood cells

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20
Q

How long can the prodromal period last?

A

few hours to a couple days

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21
Q

IT IS THE TIME AFTER EXPOSURE DURING WHICH THERE IS NO SIGN OF RADIATION SICKNESS

A

Latent period

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22
Q

IN THE LATENT PERIOD, AFTER THE PERIOD OF INITIAL RADIATION SICKNESS, A PERIOD OF ________OCCURS

A

Apparent well being

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23
Q

Whats the common mistake of the latent period?

A

IS SOMETIMES MISTAKENLY THOUGHT TO INDICATE AN EARLY RECOVERY FROM A MODERATE RADIATION DOSE

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24
Q

What is acute radiation syndrome?

A

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS THAT FOLLOW HIGH-LEVEL RADIATION EXPOSURE LEADING TO DEATH WITHIN DAYS OR WEEKS

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25
Q

How many syndromes does acute radiation syndrome have?

A

3 separate syndromes

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26
Q

What are the 3 syndromes of acute radiation syndrome?

A

HEMATOLOGIC DEATH
GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) DEATH
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) DEATH

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27
Q

Its radiation dose in in the range of approx 2 Gy to 10 Gy

A

Hematologic Syndrome

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28
Q

What does the patient feel during hematologic syndrome and how long does it usually occur?

A

Mild symptoms of prodromal syndrome which may appear in a matter of few hours and may persist fro several days.

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29
Q

It is characterized by reduction in white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.

A

Hematologic Syndrome

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30
Q

How long does the latent period last in hematologic syndrome?

A

4 weeks

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31
Q

If the dose is not lethal in hematologic syndrome, recovery can begin when?

A

2-4 weeks

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32
Q

Its radiation dose in in the range of approx 10 Gy to 50 Gy

A

Gastrointestinal Syndrome

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33
Q

What symptoms occur in the gastrointestinal syndrome?

A

PRODROMAL SYMPTOMS OF VOMITING AND DIARRHEA OCCUR WITHIN HOURS OF EXPOSURE AND PERSIST FOR HOURS TO AS LONG AS A DAY

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34
Q

How long is the latent period of gastrointestinal syndrome

A

3-5 days

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35
Q

How does GI syndrome manifest illness?

A

2NDWAVE OF. NAUSEA AND VOMITING FOLLOWED BY DIARRHEA; ANOREXIA AND LETHARGIC

36
Q

GI death occurs principally because of what?

A

Because of the severe damage to the cells lining the intestines

37
Q

When does death occure in GI Syndrome?

A

4-10 days of exposure

38
Q

CNS SYNDROME has a radiation does in excess of approx?

A

50 GY

39
Q

What happens during the first few minutes of exposure during the CNS syndrome?

A

SEVERE NAUSEA AND VOMITING BEGINS, USUALLY WITHIN A FEW MINUTES

40
Q

What happens during the initial onset of the CNS syndrome?

A

THE PATIENT MAY BECOME EXTREMELY NERVOUS AND CONFUSED, MAY DESCRIBE A BURNING SENSATION IN THE SKIN, MAY LOSE VISION, AND CAN EVEN LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS WITHIN THE FIRST HOUR

41
Q

Latent period of CNS syndrome?

A

LAST UP TO 12 HOURS

42
Q

What is the manifest period of CNS syndrome?

A

MORE DISORIENTED, LOSE MUSCLE COORDINATION, DYSPNEA, MAY GO INTOCONVULSIVE SEIZURES, EXPERIENCES LOSS OF EQUILIBRIUM, ATAXIA, AND LETHARGY; LAPSES INTO A COMA

43
Q

Death period of CNS syndrome?

A

within matter of hours to days

44
Q

What’s the ultimate cause of death in CNS syndrome?

A

ELEVATED FLUID CONTENT IN THE BRAIN.

45
Q

THIS IS THE DOSE OF RADIATION TO THE WHOLE BODY THAT CAUSES 50% OF IRRADIATION SUBJECTS TO DIE WITHIN 60 DAYS.

A

LD 50/60

46
Q

What does mean survival time mean?

A

AS THE WHOLE-BODY RADIATION DOSE INCREASES, THE AVERAGE TIME BETWEEN EXPOSURE AND DEATH DECREASES

47
Q

What is Local Tissue Damage

A

WHEN ONLY PART OF THE BODY IS IRRADIATED, IN CONTRAST TO WHOLE-BODY IRRADIATION, A HIGHER DOSE IS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE A RESPONSE

48
Q

What are the examples of local tissue that can be affected immediately?

A

Skin
Gonads (testes and ovaries)
Bone Marrow

49
Q

What relationship does local tissue damage follow?

A

non-linear threshold-type dose response relationship

50
Q

How often do the cell linings of the intestines are replaced?

A

50% everyday

51
Q

How often are the skin cells replaced?

A

2% per day

52
Q

Which cell layer is the most sensitive?

A

Basal Cell Layer

53
Q

Basal cell layer are also called as?

A

Stem Cells

54
Q

Effects on the skin of radiation follows a what type of relationship?

A

NONLINEAR, THRESHOLD DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP.

55
Q

2 types of effects of the skin caused by radiation?

A

Erythema

Desquamation

56
Q

What is epilation?

A

Loss of Hair

57
Q

What are the critically important target organs?

A

Human Gonads

58
Q

Human gonads control what?

A

Fertility and heredity

59
Q

Which is which?

Spermatogonia
Sperm

Stem cell
Mature Cell

A

Spermatogonia - stem cell

Sperm - mature cell

60
Q

What approximate dose can reduce the number of the spermatozoa?

A

10 rad

61
Q

Dose of Temporary infertility

A

200 rad

62
Q

Dose of Permanent infertility

A

500 rad

63
Q

What is the side note when a male patient’s gonads are exposed to 10 rad?

A

Patient should refrain from procreation for 2 to 4 months.

64
Q

What is the side note when a male patient’s gonads are exposed to 200 rad?

A

Commences approx. 2 months after irradiation and persists up to 12 months.

65
Q

What is the side note when a male patient’s gonads are exposed to 500 rad?

A

The male patient normally retains his ability to engage in sexual intercourse

66
Q

Which is which?

Oogonia
Ovum

Stem cell
Mature Cell

A

Oogonia - stem cell

Ovum - mature cell

67
Q

What is the approximate dose needed for a female to have a delay in their menstrual period?

A

10 rad

68
Q

What’s the dose required for temporary infertility in females?

A

200 rad

69
Q

What the dose required for permanent infertility in femalse?

A

500 rad

70
Q

What’s the LD for humans?

A

3.5

71
Q

When were the radiologic technologists required to have a routine blood exam?

A

1920s and 1930s

72
Q

What was included in the examination taken?

A
  • total cell counts

- white blood cell differential count

73
Q

What consists of the hematopoeitic system?

A

bone marrow
circulating system
lymphoid tissue

74
Q

what are lymphoid tissues?

A

ARE THE LYMPH NODES, SPLEEN, AND THYMUS -PRINCIPAL EFFECT OF RADIATION IS A DEPRESSED NUMBER OF BLOOD CELLS IN THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION.

75
Q

What do the spleen and thymus manufacture?

A

Lymphocyte

76
Q

In the child the bone marrow is distributed how?

A

uniformly throughout the skeleton

77
Q

In an adult, the active bone marrow is responsible for what?

A

Producing circulating cells is restricted to flat bones

78
Q

Role and lifetime of erythrocytes?

A

RED BLOOD CELLS THAT ARE TRANSPORTATION AGENTS FOR OXYGEN. LIFETIME OF NEARLY 4 MONTHS

79
Q

Role and lifetime of granulocytes?

A

SCAVENGER TYPE OF CELLS USED TO FIGHT BACTERIA. LIFETIME ONLY A COUPLE OF DAYS

80
Q

Role and lifetime of Lymphocytes?

A

THOSE INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE. LIFETIME VARIES (HOURS OR YEARS)

81
Q

Role and lifetime of Thrombocytes?

A

ALSO CALLED AS PLATELETS AND INVOLVED IN THE CLOTTING OF BLOOD TO PREVENT HEMORRHAGE. LIFETIME OF APPROX. 1 WEEK.

82
Q

In the hematopoietic cell survial, the principal response is?

A

DECREASE IN NUMBER OF ALL TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS IN THE CIRCULATION PERIPHERAL BLOOD.

83
Q

What are the most radiosensitive cells in the body?

A

Lymphocytes

Spermatogonia

84
Q

What is cytogenetics

A

STUDY OF THE GENETICS OF CELLS, PARTICULARLY CELL CHROMOSOMES.

85
Q

What forms do a damage chromosome take?

A

Chromatid Deletion
Dicentric Chromosome Abberation
Reciprocal Translocations

86
Q

When was the human genome mapped?

A

2000

87
Q

What is the human genome all about?

A

IT IS NOW POSSIBLE TO PERFORM MOLECULAR GENETIC COUNSELING AND ADVISE PATIENTS OF THEIR RISK FOR BREAST CANCER, OTHER CANCERS, AND OTHER HEALTH RISKS

RADBIO (7 decks)

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