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RADBIO > REVIEW OF BASIC RADIATION CONCEPTS > Flashcards

REVIEW OF BASIC RADIATION CONCEPTS Flashcards

1
Q

What is Radiobiology?

A

study of the effects of Ionizing Radiation on Biologic Tissue

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2
Q

What is ionizing radiation?

A

THE PROCESS OF REMOVING AN ELECTRON FROM A TARGET ATOM, THEREBY PRODUCING AN ION PAIR.

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3
Q

What is Radiation?

A

energy in the form of waves or particles, especially electromagnetic radiation, which includes gamma, x-ray, ultraviolet rays, visible light, and infrared rays and the particles

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4
Q

Energy from radiation is emitted and transferred through what?

A

Matter

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5
Q

Radiation is also referred to as

A

Ionizing Radiation

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6
Q

Classifications of Radiation?

A

Particulate and Non-particulate

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7
Q

Difference between Particulate and Non-particulate

A

PARTICLUATE:

  • Ionizing radiation in the form of particles
  • It has mass and charge
  • Travels at the speed of light in free space
  • Most originates in the nucleus of an atom
  • Consists of minute bits of matter travelling with a certain velocity and therefore possessing kinetic energy

NONPARTICULATE:

  • radiation in the form of waves
  • has NO mass and NO charge
  • travels at the speed of light in free space
  • has the combined properties of electricity and magnetism
  • disturbance consisting of electric and magnetic field components and traveling through space with the speed of light.
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8
Q

What are the 2 types of particulate radiation?

A

Alpha and Beta particle radiation

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9
Q

Differences between alpha and beta particle radiation

A

ALPHA:

  • do not penetrate matter as easily as other types of Radiation
  • has approximately of 4 amu, charge of +2
  • best described as doubly ionized helium
  • produced by radioactive decay, primarily of heavy atoms
  • low penetrating ability
  • no medical uses

BETA:
more penetrating than alpha particles
have a mass of 0.00055 amu
has a charge of either -1 or +1
Negatron - negative electron ;produced by radioactive decay
Positron-positive electron; produced by radioactive decay or pair production; used in nuclear medicine, PET studies

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10
Q

What are the sources of human exposure to radiation?

A
  • Natural Environment Radiation

- Man-made Radiation

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11
Q

results in an annual dose of approximately 300 millirem (mrem); occur in natural
background

A

Natural environment radiation

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12
Q

3 sources of natural environmental radiation

A

Cosmic Ray
Terrestrial Radiation
Internally Deposited Radionuclides

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13
Q

particulate and electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun and the stars

A

Cosmic Ray

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14
Q
  • results from deposits of uranium, thorium, and other radionuclides in
    the earth
A

Terrestrial Radiation

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15
Q

mainly potassium 40 are natural metabolites, they

have always been with us and contribute an equal dose to each of us.

A

Internally Deposited Radionuclides

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16
Q

results in approximately 60 mrem; comes from fallout, diagnostic x-rays and
radiopharmaceuticals contribute to the human exposures.

A

Man-made Radiation

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17
Q

Sources of man-made radiation

A

A. Nuclear power generation
b. Nuclear weapon testing/research application
c. Industrial sources
d. Consumer items - watch dials, exit signs, smoke detectors, camping lantern mantle, and airport
surveillance

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18
Q

What are the modes of human exposure to radiation?

A

Irradiation

Contamination

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19
Q

a general term and may be used to describe exposure to radiation
originating from any source. It may also include all types of radiation.

A

irradiation

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20
Q

two types of irradiation

A

External and Internal

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21
Q

specific and indicates that the exposure is due to xrays originating from external source

A

External radiation

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22
Q

Sources of external radiation

A

Diagnostic x-ray, Teletherapy, CT-scan,

Fluoroscopy,Nuclear Power Plan

23
Q

may come from internal contamination. It may result

from inhalation or ingestion of radioactive materials or in some cases from direct absorption through the skin

A

Internal Radiation

24
Q

Sources of internal radiation

A

Brachytherapy, Nuclear medicine

25
Q

undesired presence of radioactive materials on any substance in concentrations greater than
those which occur naturally so much so as to cause a technical inconvenience or a radiation
hazard cause by spillage or breakage.

A

Contamination

26
Q

Sources of contamination

A

a. Chemical reactions which involves radioactive materials or nuclear reactions that produce
radioactive gases (directly and indirectly)
b. Evaporation, aeration or spilling or radioactive liquids
c. Mechanical manipulations (i.e griding, welding) of radioactive solids
d. Activation of loose particular matter or materials (dust particles) being irradiated or around a
reactor area in general.

27
Q

What are the different classifications of human exposure to radiation

A

a. Background radiation exposure
b. Medical Exposure
c. Occupational Exposure
d. Exposure of the members of the general public

28
Q

main source of exposure for most

people

A

Background radiation exposure

29
Q

deals with intentional exposure of patient for diagnostic and
therapeutic purposes by technically qualified medical and paramedical personnel

A

medical exposure

30
Q

exposure obtained by an individual (radiation

worker) as a result of the nature of their work particularly in the radiation area.

A

occupational exposure

31
Q

exposure which might be
received by individual members of the population, as a result of their visit to a hospital,
or walk by a hospital, or live or work near one where there is a presence of any
radiation sources.

A

exposure of the members of general public

32
Q

What are the types of radiation units?

A

Traditional/custom or old unit (TU/CU)

System International or Standard Units (SI/SU)

33
Q

What are the 4 units used to express an amount of radiation? (use the SI units)

A
  1. Coulumb per kg
  2. Gray
  3. Sievert
  4. Becquerel
34
Q
  • Measure of the ionization of air produced by x-radiation and gamma radiation below 3 million electron
    volts.
  • Defined as the quantity of x-radiation or gamma radiation
A

Roentgen/ Coulomb per kilogram

35
Q

Uses of roentgen?

A
  • radiation exposure of intensity in air

- for calibration of xray equipment

36
Q

Coulomb is the unit for?

A

electric charge; number of electrons

37
Q

Kilogram in the C/kg refers to what?

A

quantity of air

38
Q

1 R = ___ c/kg

A

= 2.58 x 10-4

39
Q

1 c/kg = ___ R

A

3876

40
Q
  • Used to express absorbed dose
  • Unit used to express the patient’s absorbed dose
  • Represents a specific quantity of energy absorbed per kilogram of absorber
A

Radiation Absorbed Dose/ Gray

41
Q

1 rad = ____ ergs/gram

A

100

42
Q

1 rad = ____ Gy or 10^-2 Gy

A

0.01

43
Q

1 Gy = ___ rad

A

100

44
Q

• Expressed dose equivalence, or the absorbed dose times a quality factor for
personnel radiation monitoring
• Defined as the quantity of any ionizing radiation that has the same biologic
effectiveness of 1 rad of x-ray

A

Radiation Equivalent Man (rem)/Sievert (Sv)

45
Q

What is the unit for occupational exposure for radiation workers?

A

rem/Sv

46
Q

Unit that produces the same biologic effect as 1 Gy of high energy x-ray

A

rem/Sv

47
Q

1 Sv = __ rem

A

100

48
Q

1 rem = ___

A

0.01 Sv

49
Q

• It is the amount of radioactivity in a radioactive material and not the
radiation emitted by the material.
• Unit used for radioactivity in Nuclear Medicine

A

Curie/Becquerel

50
Q

1 mCi = ____ MBq

A

37

51
Q

1 dps = ___ Bq

A

1

52
Q

Percentage of sources of radiation exposure?

A

88% natural

12% Artificial

53
Q

In the percentage of artificial exposure to radiation, what is the percentage covered of medical radiation?

A

11%

54
Q

What are the different medical sources of radiation?

A

Diagnostic Radiology
Cardiovascular Interventional Radiology
Nuclear Medicine
Radiation Oncology

RADBIO (7 decks)

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