STIs Flashcards
Who is at increased risk of contracting STIs? (10)
- People who haveSexual contact with person(s) with known STD
- Youth under 25 with multiple partners
- Street involvement (homeless)
- Intercourse with new partner in the last 2 months
- More than 2 sexual partners in previous 12 months
- People who don’t use contraception
- Injection drug users
- MSM
- Commercial sex workers
- Immigrants from STD endemic countries
What are 6 common presentations of common STDs?
- lumps and bumps
- Discharge and burning
- Blisters and ulcers
- Rashes
- Itching
- Pain during sex
What are three infectious causes of lumps and bumps?
- Warts
- Herpes
- Molluscum
What are three non-infectious causes of lumps and bumps?
- Pearly penile papules
- Seborrheic keratoses
- Moles
What STI is caused by a pox virus? What is treatment?
Mollescum contagiosum
Not necessarily a STI and will resolve on their own. Liquid nitrogen can be used to remove warts.
What causes genital warts?
HPV
What is the most common STD?
Human papillomavirus (10-30% of human adult population infected)
How does HPV infect you?
It gets into epidermis and sits in the stratum basale.
What are the two low-risk HPV types?
6 and 11
What are the four high-risk HPV types?
16, 35, 18 and 45
What is exophytic HPV?
Where genital warts are large, crystalline and rampant
Is it possible to get HPV in another place besides the genitals?
Yes, oral HPV and respiratory papillomatosis
More common in men than in women
Does HPV ever clear on its own?
Sometimes, there is no guaranteed cure.
What is a common test for HPV?
PAP smears
What types of HPV cause cervical cancer?
16 and 18
What are 4 clinical treatments for genital warts?
- Podophyllin resin
- Cryotherapy
- Trichloroacetic acid
- Excusuibak treatments
What are two patient applied treatments for genital warts?
- Podofilox
- Imiquimod
What types of HPV does the vaccine protect against?
16/18 and 6/11
What are two common causes of urethritis (discharge from urethra)?
- Gonorrhea
- Chlamydia
What are 5 common causes of vaginitis/cervicitis (discharge)?
- Gonorrhea
- Chlamydia
- Bacterial vaginosis
- Trichomonas
- Candida (yeast)
What are six non-infectious causes of discharge?
- Excessive physiologic secretions
- Allergic reaction
- Skin conditions
- Foreign body
- Trauma
- Lack of proper vaginal lubrication during intercourse
What is bacterial vaginosis?
Not an STI. Due to alteration of the normal vagina flora
- Increase in pH
- Vaginal discharge
- Fishy odour
What is a method of detecting bacterial vaginosis?
pH, microscope smear, KOH whiff test
What are the symptoms of trichomonas vaginalis?
50% is asymptomatic
There may be profuse gray/yellow discharge
What is the bacterial cause of gonorrhea (the clap)?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
What is the cause and consequences of chlamydia?
Intracellular bacteria
Most cases are asymptomatic but there can be long term carriage and it can lead to PID, infertility and ectopic pregnancies
How does chlamydia and gonorrhea present?
Urethritis and cervicitis
Besides at the urethra and cervix, where else can gonorrhea present?
- Throat
- Rectum
- Eye
- Disseminated infection (raised lumps around body)
What is the principle cause of chlamydia transmission?
Fecal matter. In 3rd world countries this can be from swarming flies
What is conjunctivitis and how is it caused by an STI?
DIscharge from the eye, which may cause blindness. Can be caused from a chlamydial infection. Particularly in 3rd world countries where sanitation is poor and flying insects can spread it
Who should get routine screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea? (3)
- Sexually active women under 25
- Pregnant women with a new sexual partner in 3rd trimester
- MSM should get throat and rectal screening
How is chlamydia and gonorrhea diagnosed?
- Urine sample from men
- Vaginal swab for women
What is a problem facing gonorrhea/chlamydia treatment?
The bacteria that causes it is getting resistant to the only oral option
What is a problem facing gonorrhea/chlamydia treatment?
The bacteria that causes it is getting resistant to the only oral option
What are three causes of blisters and ulcers?
- Herpes simplex virus
- Syphilis
- Chancroid
What are three causes of blisters and ulcers?
- Herpes simplex virus
- Syphilis
- Chancroid
What is ‘the great pox?’
Syphilis
Caused by spirochete bacteria
What is ‘the great pox?’
Syphilis
Caused by spirochete bacteria
What are the four stages of syphilis?
- Primary localized stage (chancre)
- Secondary disseminated stage (rash)
- Latent stage
- Tertiary syphilis (can cause paresis of the insane)
What are the four stages of syphilis?
- Primary localized stage (chancre)
- Secondary disseminated stage (rash)
- Latent stage
- Tertiary syphilis (can cause paresis of the insane)
What are three high risk activities for syphilis transmission?
- Anonymous sex
- Oral sex
- Rimming
What are three high risk activities for syphilis transmission?
- Anonymous sex
- Oral sex
- Rimming
What is the diagnosis for syphilis called?
Serology
What is the diagnosis for syphilis called?
Serology
What type of HSV has highest recurrence?
HSV 2
What type of HSV has highest recurrence?
HSV 2
Genital infections can be caused by what types of HSV?
HSV 1 and HSV 2
Genital infections can be caused by what types of HSV?
HSV 1 and HSV 2
What are three stages of a herpes outbreak?
- Vesicles
- Ulcer formation (painful!)
- Crust/healing
What are three stages of a herpes outbreak?
- Vesicles
- Ulcer formation (painful!)
- Crust/healing
How is herpes most often transmitted?
Asymptomatic shedding
How is herpes most often transmitted?
Asymptomatic shedding
How is herpes diagnosed?
- Serology
- PCR
- Direct examination
How is herpes diagnosed?
- Serology
- PCR
- Direct examination
What are three causes of genital itching?
- Vulvovaginitis
- Scabies
- Crabs
What are three causes of genital itching?
- Vulvovaginitis
- Scabies
- Crabs
Why is the term STD no longer used?
STDs refer only to infections causing symptoms
How does chlamydia make a women infertile?
It is asymptomatic so can progress subtly, causes scarring of the fallopian tubes from pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Is it possible for a mom to transmit herpes to her baby during birth?
Yes
What is vaginitis?
An irritation or inflammation of the vagina, usually causing a discharge
What is Monilla?
A form of vaginitis causing a thick, which discharge, also called candida or yeast infection
What is cystitis?
An infection of the urinary bladder in women, causing painful burning urination
What is prostatitis?
An infection, inflammation or swelling of the prostate gland
