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Biochem exam 4 > stiner- wound healing > Flashcards

stiner- wound healing Flashcards

1
Q

epidermis has how many layers? which layer is responsible for cell division

A

5, Stratum basale (germinativum)

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2
Q

epidermis characteristics

A

not vascularized,

karatinized/nonkaratinized

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3
Q

which skin layer is vasularized?

A

dermis

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4
Q

intact endothelial surfaces are ______

A

antithrombotic

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5
Q

what is thrombosis

A

formation of blood clot inside blood vessel

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6
Q

2 vasodilators and platelet inhibitors?

A

NO

prostacyclin

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7
Q

Prostacyclin does what

A

decrease thromboxane

decrease PDGF

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8
Q

thromboxane does what

A

platelet aggregation, vasoconstrictor too

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9
Q

PDGF does what

A

platelet adhesion to vessel walls

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10
Q

what does NO do?

A

inhibits platelet recruitment and adhesion

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11
Q

break in skin causes what

A

hemostasis

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12
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

process that causes bleeding to stop

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13
Q

3 phases of wound healing

A

inflammtion phase
proliferation phase
remodeling and maturation phase

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14
Q

3 parts of inflammation phase

A

intial injury and vascular response
blood coagulation
inflammation

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15
Q

after initial injury endothelial cells secrete what

A

von Hillebrand factor
seratonin
thromboxane

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16
Q

hemostasis steps

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. temporary blockage by platelet plug
  3. blood coagulation/ clot formation
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17
Q

what is Hemorrhaging

A

bleeding

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18
Q

clot formation is a result of ______ converted to _____

A

fibrinogen to fibrin

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19
Q

vasoconstriction, an immediate response, is done by _____ and ______ , decreasing blood flow

A

prostaglandins, thromboxanes- released from damaged membranes (rational behind applying pressure)

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20
Q

platelet plug forms as platelets attached to what

A

exposed collagen

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21
Q

activated platelets release what? and what do they do

A

cytokins. stimulate recruitment of more platelets and vasoconstriction.

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22
Q

20 minutes post-wound what happens and by what

A

vasodilation by histamine

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23
Q

histamine aids in what

A

blood vessels become leaky, easier for leukocytes to infiltrate.

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24
Q

coagulation happens how long after blood vessel injury?

A

almost instant

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25
Q

primary hemostasis

A

formation of platelet plug

26
Q

secondary hemostasis

A

Clotting factors, which are proteins, form fibrin strands
Strengthens the seal
(happens at same time)

27
Q

Exposure of blood to subendothelial collagen activates the _______ pathway

A

intrinsic pathway

28
Q

Exposure of blood to subendothelial tissue factor on fibroblast also activates ______ pathway

A

extrinsic pathway

29
Q

intrinsic pathway beings where?

A

collagen surface

30
Q

(pro)thrombin in is present in which pathway

A

extrinsic

31
Q

primary function of thrombin

A

convert fibrinogen to fibrin

32
Q

The clot is maintained by the continued activation

A

VIII and IX

33
Q

what is fibrinolysis

A

prevent to much fibrin from being formed.

34
Q

what carries this process out?

A

plasminogen binds fibrin and is converted to plasmin by tPA

35
Q

tPA made by what

A

endothelial cells

36
Q

what mediates the binding of Xa and IXa to the phospholipid surfaces expressed by platelets

A

Calcium

37
Q

what does calcium do in wound healing?

A

mediates binding of lXa and Xa to the phospholipid surface expressed by platelets

38
Q

what is required for the addition of a carboxyl group to glutamic acid residues on factors II, VII, IX and X

A

vitamin K

39
Q

what is a Key target for anticoagulant drugs warfarin and coumarins

A

vitamin K

40
Q

mechanisms that regulate platelet adhesion and coagulation cascade

A
  1. Protein C
  2. antithrombin
  3. tissue factor inhibitor
  4. Plasmin
  5. Prostacylin
41
Q

major endogenous anticoagulant

A

Protein C

42
Q

Protein C is activated by what and dependent on what?

A

thrombin, vitamin K

43
Q

tissue factor inhibitor does what

A

restricts the action of tissue factors

44
Q

Prostacylin does what

A

leads to activation of cAMP inhibits platelet activation by decreasing cytoplasmic Ca2+

45
Q

fist immune cells to arrive…second?

A

neutrophils

macrophages

46
Q

neutrophil function

A

scavenge for bacteria and clear wound of cellular and foreign debris

47
Q

eosinophil

A

killing of antibody coated parasites

48
Q

macrophages function

A 
killing bacteria, phagocytizing bacteria
but also mediate angiogenesis
synthesize nitric oxide
form fibrous tissue
also stimulate cells that reepithelialize the wound, create granulation tissue, and lay down a new ECM
49
Q

parts of proliferation phase

A

angiogenesis
epithelialization
granulation/tissue formation

50
Q

proliferation phase begins how many days after wound?

A

4 days

51
Q

characterized by presence of what

A

fibroblast

52
Q

angiogenesis

A

Endothelial cells migrate to site to repair damaged vessels

new vascular networks

53
Q

what is the main cell type responsible for granulation tissue

A

fibroblast

54
Q

what is granulation

A

fibroblasts and endothelial cells replace the immature matrix with a collagen-fortified ECM forming new granulation tissue

55
Q

endothelial cells are attracted to places to form new vessels by what and what

A

fibronectin and angiogenic factors (macrophages and platelets secret these things)

56
Q

Endothelial growth and proliferation directly stimulated by

A

hypoxia and presence of lactic acid

57
Q

When adequate vascularization achieved what happens

A

Hypoxia and lactic acid-induced growth factor release ceases and angiogenesis stops

58
Q

epithelialization (cell and what factors)

A

Keratinocytes secrete TGF-β and KGF

59
Q

what do TGF-β and KGF do?

A

Stimulate cell division and repair of damaged epithelium

60
Q

remodeling phase begins when?

A

week after wound

61
Q

initial component of ECM during this phase?

A

fibronectin

Biochem exam 4 (9 decks)

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