stiner- liver

Question 1

the majority of plasma proteins are made where?

Answer 1

liver

Question 2

example of plasma proteins

Answer 2

• coagulation factors
• albumin
• acute phase proteins

Question 3

acute phase response

Answer 3

systemic changes which occur in response to infection or inflammation

Question 4

CRP

Answer 4

a major component of the acute phase response and a marker of bacterial infection.

Question 5

Genetic deficiency of ≈________ presents in infancy as liver disease or in adulthood as lung disease

Answer 5

α1-antitrypsin

Question 6

Genetic deficiency of_______ leads to Wilson’s disease, a condition associated with liver and CNS damage

Answer 6

ceruloplasmin

Question 7

Liver cancer is associated with particularly high plasma concentrations of ________

Answer 7

α-fetoprotein

Question 8

how are plasma proteins and membrane receptors degraded in the liver?

Answer 8

endocytosed and then hydrolyzed by acid proteases within intracellular organelles known as lysosomes.

Question 9

how are intracellular proteins degraded in the liver?

Answer 9

are degraded within structures known as proteasomes by the so-called ubiquitin-proteasome system .

Question 10

ubiquination, how many? how many enzymes involved?

Answer 10

5 or more molecules. 3

Question 11

Catabolism of amino acids generates what two things?

Answer 11

ammonia (NH3) and ammonium ions (NH4+).

Question 12

what happens to Most ammonia at its site of formation,?

Answer 12

detoxified by amidation of glutamate to glutamine

Question 13

glutamate is mainly derived from where and used by what cells

Answer 13

muscle, enterocytes

Question 14

what happens to the remaining nitrogen? enters as what?

Answer 14

enters the portal vein either as ammonia or as alanine, both of which are used by the liver for the synthesis of urea

Question 15

main nonerythocytic site of heme production?

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

starting components for heme synthesis

Answer 16

glycine, succinyl-CoA

Question 17

step 1 in heme synthesis by what enzyme? where?

Answer 17

starting components —> 5 ALA by 5-ALA synthase

in mitochondria, rate limiting step

Question 18

step 2

Answer 18

2 5 ALA molecules condense to form PBG

Question 19

step 3

Answer 19

four PBG molecules combine to form a linear tetrapyrrole compound, which cyclizes to yield uroporphyrinogen III and then coproporphyrinogen III.

Question 20

step 4

Answer 20

decarboxylation and oxidation of side chains in uroporphyrinogen III yield protoporphyrin IX.

Question 21

step 5, final

Answer 21

iron (Fe2+) is added by ferrochelatase to protoporphyrin IX to form heme

Question 22

what controls the rate of synthesis and what does it act on?

Answer 22

heme, 5ALA synthesis

Question 23

when oxidized bilirubin becomes what?

Answer 23

biliverdin

Question 24

bilirubin main physiological role?

Answer 24

cellular antioxidant

Question 25

Bilirubin is excreted in what and what?

Answer 25

bile and urine

Question 26

3 main causes of jaudance

Answer 26

prehepatic, intrahepatic, posthepatic

Question 27

how are drugs metabolized

Answer 27

increases the hydrophilicity of drugs and therefore their ability to be excreted.

metabolites that are produced are less pharmacologically active than the substrate drug

some inactive prodrugs are converted to their active forms as a result of liver processing.

Question 28

phase 1 of drug metabolism? by what?

Answer 28

addition of polar group, cytochrome P-450 (CYP)

Question 29

phase 2 of drug metabolism

Answer 29

conjugation