Leys- nutrition Flashcards
Several factors contribute to the state of nutrition including: (8)
appetite, energy expenditure, genotype, digestion, metabolism, availability of food, customs and presence of disease.
_____, ______, and ______ are important regulators of food intake.
Leptin, Ghrelin and Insulin
Leptin circulates, in the body, at levels proportional to what
body fat.
what signals the brain that the body has had enough to eat, or satiety.
Leptin
Adipose tissue produces ________ that regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s needs.
adipokines
_____ and ______ regulate AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) that senses cellular energy levels.
AMP and AMP/ATP
what regulates rate-limiting enzymes in energy-producing and using pathways.
AMPK
High levels of what activity inhibit energy-utilizing pathways and stimulate energy generating pathways.
AMPK
Increased ______ increases appetite.
Ghrelin
Ghrelin favors accumulation of what in the visceral fatty tissue.
lipids
__________ changes with age and sex. Estimated daily protein requirements ______ with age and sex.
Estimated average requirements (EAR) for calories, vary
________ for a nutrient is a value that is adequate for the great majority of individuals.
Recommended daily allowance (RDA)
__________ reflects amount that is adequate for half of the population.
The estimated average requirement (EAR)
______ has the highest energy content per weight
Fat
Increases in _______ are correlated with an increase in the use of high fructose corn syrup.
obesity
how is High fructose corn syrup is made
by breaking down cornstarch into glucose using amylase followed by conversion to fructose with glucose isomerase.
There are several potential health issues associated with comsumption of high fructose corn syrup including:
mercury exposure, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, long-term liver damage, increased risk of diabetes and weight gain and obesity.
Protein-calorie malnutrition causes a number of health problems including:
decreased protein synthesis and glucose transport, fatty liver, liver necrosis and fibrosis, depression, hypothermia, compromised immune function and would healing, decreased cardiac and renal function, loss of muscle.
Obesity is associated with an increased risk for several conditions including:
type 2 diabetes, hypertension and stroke, dyslipidemia, gall stones, respiratory disorders, musculoskeletal disorders and several cancers including breast, endometrial, ovarian, gall bladder and colon.
_________ are not essential and provide no benefit to human health.
Trans fatty acids
Saturated fats increase levels of ________
LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol).
Trans fats increase levels of ______ and also lower levels of _______; thus increasing the risk of coronary heart disease.
LDL, HDL (good cholesterol
