Stiner-Jones Exam 3 Flashcards by Molly Griffith

_____ and ______ are essential for physiological processes

Water and Electrolytes

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Water and electrolyte exchange typically takes place via 2 barriers: ______ and _____

Cell Membrane and Capillary Walls

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______ play a major role in regulation of water and electrolyte homeostasis

Kidneys (Primary Organ for this)

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The capillary wall separates ____ from _____

Plasma from Interstitial Fluid

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Capillary walls are freely permeable to ____ and ____, but not to _____

Capillary walls are freely permeable to WATER and ELECTROLYTES, but not to PROTEIN

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In cell membranes, movement of _____ and _______ is restricted and/or highly regulated

Movement of IONS and NEUTRAL MOLECULES is restricted and/or highly regulated

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Movement of water linked to Na transport is critical to water ______ in the _______, and water ______ in the ________

ABsorption in the Intestines, and REsorptioning in the kidneys

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Passive electrolyte movement occurs thru channels driven by ______

Energy of Electrochemical Gradients

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____% of the adult body weight is water

60%

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_____-_____% of cellular composition/weight is water

60-90%

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ICF is ____ fraction of total water in the body

2/3

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Intracellular fluid is fluid within _____

Cell walls/Cytoplasmic Fluid

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ECF is _____ fraction of total water in the body

1/3

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What are the main cation of the ICF?

K+

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What are the main anions of the ICF?

Proteins and Phosphates

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ECF consists of ____, ____, ____, and _____

ISF, Lymph, Plasma, and Transcellular Fluid

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What are 3 kinds of transcellular fluids?

Gastrointestinal Fluid
Urine
Cerebrospinal Fluid

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Because plasma proteins cannot freely move across capillary walls, they play a major role in ____

Osmotic pressure (by drawing H2O in)

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Movement between ICF/ECF is caused by differences in _____

Osmolality

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Changes in ________ in one of the 2 compartments creates a gradient of osmotic pressure and causes water to move

Changes in CONCENTRATION OF OSMOLALITY ACTIVE IONS in one of the 2 compartments creates a gradient of osmotic pressure and causes water to move

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Water always move from _____ to _____ osmolality to equate osmotic pressures

LOWER to HIGHER

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Na is most abundant in ____, and is important in determining _________

ECF; osmolality

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Glucose is usually low in _____ and has _____ effect on osmolality

Plasma; No (except in diabetics)

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Movement of water between plasma and ISF depends on _______

Plasma protein concentrations

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_____ exerts osmotic pressure in plasma; known as _______ pressure retaining water in vascular bed

Albumin; Oncotic

In arterial regions of capillaries, _____ pressure is greater than _____ pressure and water filters out in to the extravascular space

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE is greater that ONCOTIC PRESSURE

In venous regions of capillaries, ____ pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure and fluid _____ the vasculature

Oncotic; Enters

Small molecules are transported by ________

Transport proteins (ion pumps)

What are the 3 functions of a sodium/potassium pump?

1. Allows action potentials to occur 2. Establishes an electrochemical gradient 3. Extrudes 3 sodium in exchange for 2 potassium

Na/K pumps hydrolyze one _____ molecule and the energy is ______

ATP; released

Na/K pumps establish both a _____ gradient and a ____ gradient across the cell

Concentration; Electrical

Na/K pumps are considered ion transporters as well as _____, because it releases _____

Enzymes (ATPase); Phosphates

What is the driving force for water absorption/resorption in the cell?

Movement of water linked to Na transport (KNOW!!!) -- Think dialysis bag experiment from undergrad --> water flows IN

_____ and ______ are linked to the impairment of the Na pump in the kidney and small intestine

Hypertension and Chronic Diarehha

Passive electrolyte movement occurs through ____ or _____

Channels or symporters

Although passive electrolyte movement does not require ATP, it is still driven by ______

energy of electrochemical gradient (already established by ATPase)

Give 2 examples of passive electrolyte channels

1. Na+/glucose channels | 2. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

_____ and ____ ions are at high concentrations in the Plasma

Sodium and Chloride are at high concentrations in plasma

In small intestinal fluid, what ions are at high concentrations? Low?

Na and Cl are at high concentrations in small intestine; K is at low concentrations, and bicarb varies

What two ions are in relatively high concentrations in feces in diarrhea

Sodium and Potassium

Bile, pleural, and peritoneal fluid are high in ___ and ____ ions

Sodium and Chloride

Sweat is low in _____ ions

All 4 ions (sodium, potassium, bicarb, and chloride)

Protein concentration is 4-5x greater in _____ vs _____

Plasma vs ISF

The 2 dominant cations in plasma are ___ and ____

Na+ and K+

The most abundant anions in the Plasma are ___ and ____

Cl- and HCO3-

What is the anion gap?

The difference between the total cation concentration and the total anion concentration

What is the driving force for water absorption/resorption?

Movement of water linked to Na transport

Within renal tubules, electrolytes are reabsorbed in the _____ and water is reabsorbed in the _____

Proximal tubule; Collecting Duct

Plasma filtration occurs in the ______

Glomerulus (Bowman's Capsule)

____% of filtrate is reabsorbed in the kidney

80%

Excessive sweating leads to _____

Hypernatemia (a loss of water that concentrates sodium in the ECF/plasma)

Because the sodium concentration in intestinal fluid and plasma are similar, but ____ concentration is the intestinal fluid is relatively higher, severe diarrhea results in ____ and _____

Potassium; Dehydration and Hypokalemia

Normal physiological processes result in the generation of what 3 acids?

1. Lactic acid 2. Uric acid 3. Carbonic acid

Carbonic acid is generated is _____ in tissues, which dissolves in H20 to result in the release of _____

CO2; H+

Typical blood H+ concentration = _____

~36-46 mol/L

Typical pH range in blood is ____

~7.36-7.46

Changes in pH affect the ________ and consequently will impact _______

Ionization of protein molecules; Enzymatic activity

____ and ____ contain buffer systems that minimize changes in [H+]

Blood and Tissues

Lungs control the exchange of ___ and ____ between ____ and the external _____

CO2 and O2; Blood and External environment

RBCs transport gases between ___ and ____

Lungs and Tissues

Kidneys control plasma _____ and excretion of _____

Plasma bicarb synthesis and Excretion of H+

What are the 4 main buffering systems in the body?

Hemoglobin (RBCs), Proteins and Phosphates (Intracellular), and Bicarbonate (extracellular)

Intracellular buffers are primarily ___ and ____

Proteins and Phosphates

Intracellular buffers work by allowing ____ to enter the cell in exchange for ____

H+ for K

The bicarbonate buffer system is essential for maintaining the ________ and regulating _____

Acid-base balance; CO2 waste

___________ allows for the maintenance of a relatively constant plasma pH

Bicarbonate buffer system

The bicarbonate buffer system will _______ that would alter plasma pH

Counteract any force

What the the bicarbonate buffer system equation?

H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 H20 +CO2

Bicarbonate buffer system minimizes changes in [H+] and therefore stabilizes pH when ____ or ____ is added to the blood

Acid or Alkali

When acid is added to the blood it reacts with ____ forming ____ which dissociates into ____ and ____

Bicarbonate; Carbonic Acid; H20 and CO2 (which is exhaled thru lungs)

In bicarb buffer system, an excess of OH- is neutralized and depletion of ___ is compensated by a decrease in _____

CO2; ventilation

What are the 2 components of the bicarb buffer system?

Metabolic (kidney) component and Respiratory (Lungs) component

pH = ____/____

pH = [HCO3-]/pCO2

When the primary disorder is respiratory and causes an accumulation of ____, an increase in _____ ______ by the kidneys takes place

CO2; Bicarbonate reabsorption

When the primary problem is metabolic, a decrease in ______ stimulates the respiratory center to ______

[HCO3-]; Increase ventilation rate

Patients with metabolic acidosis will ____

Hyperventilate

_____ and ____ result in acidosis

Dec. [HCO3-] and Inc. pCO2

_____ and _____ result in alkylosis

Inc in [HCO3-] and Dec. in pCO2