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Biochem 6200 Furci > Stiner-Jones Exam 3 > Flashcards

Stiner-Jones Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ and ______ are essential for physiological processes

A

Water and Electrolytes

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2
Q

Water and electrolyte exchange typically takes place via 2 barriers: ______ and _____

A

Cell Membrane and Capillary Walls

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3
Q

______ play a major role in regulation of water and electrolyte homeostasis

A

Kidneys (Primary Organ for this)

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4
Q

The capillary wall separates ____ from _____

A

Plasma from Interstitial Fluid

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5
Q

Capillary walls are freely permeable to ____ and ____, but not to _____

A

Capillary walls are freely permeable to WATER and ELECTROLYTES, but not to PROTEIN

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6
Q

In cell membranes, movement of _____ and _______ is restricted and/or highly regulated

A

Movement of IONS and NEUTRAL MOLECULES is restricted and/or highly regulated

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7
Q

Movement of water linked to Na transport is critical to water ______ in the _______, and water ______ in the ________

A

ABsorption in the Intestines, and REsorptioning in the kidneys

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8
Q

Passive electrolyte movement occurs thru channels driven by ______

A

Energy of Electrochemical Gradients

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9
Q

____% of the adult body weight is water

A

60%

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10
Q

_____-_____% of cellular composition/weight is water

A

60-90%

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11
Q

ICF is ____ fraction of total water in the body

A

2/3

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12
Q

Intracellular fluid is fluid within _____

A

Cell walls/Cytoplasmic Fluid

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13
Q

ECF is _____ fraction of total water in the body

A

1/3

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14
Q

What are the main cation of the ICF?

A

K+

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15
Q

What are the main anions of the ICF?

A

Proteins and Phosphates

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16
Q

ECF consists of ____, ____, ____, and _____

A

ISF, Lymph, Plasma, and Transcellular Fluid

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17
Q

What are 3 kinds of transcellular fluids?

A
  1. Gastrointestinal Fluid
  2. Urine
  3. Cerebrospinal Fluid
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18
Q

Because plasma proteins cannot freely move across capillary walls, they play a major role in ____

A

Osmotic pressure (by drawing H2O in)

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19
Q

Movement between ICF/ECF is caused by differences in _____

A

Osmolality

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20
Q

Changes in ________ in one of the 2 compartments creates a gradient of osmotic pressure and causes water to move

A

Changes in CONCENTRATION OF OSMOLALITY ACTIVE IONS in one of the 2 compartments creates a gradient of osmotic pressure and causes water to move

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21
Q

Water always move from _____ to _____ osmolality to equate osmotic pressures

A

LOWER to HIGHER

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22
Q

Na is most abundant in ____, and is important in determining _________

A

ECF; osmolality

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23
Q

Glucose is usually low in _____ and has _____ effect on osmolality

A

Plasma; No (except in diabetics)

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24
Q

Movement of water between plasma and ISF depends on _______

A

Plasma protein concentrations

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25
Q

_____ exerts osmotic pressure in plasma; known as _______ pressure retaining water in vascular bed

A

Albumin; Oncotic

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26
Q

In arterial regions of capillaries, _____ pressure is greater than _____ pressure and water filters out in to the extravascular space

A

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE is greater that ONCOTIC PRESSURE

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27
Q

In venous regions of capillaries, ____ pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure and fluid _____ the vasculature

A

Oncotic; Enters

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28
Q

Small molecules are transported by ________

A

Transport proteins (ion pumps)

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29
Q

What are the 3 functions of a sodium/potassium pump?

A
  1. Allows action potentials to occur
  2. Establishes an electrochemical gradient
  3. Extrudes 3 sodium in exchange for 2 potassium
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30
Q

Na/K pumps hydrolyze one _____ molecule and the energy is ______

A

ATP; released

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31
Q

Na/K pumps establish both a _____ gradient and a ____ gradient across the cell

A

Concentration; Electrical

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32
Q

Na/K pumps are considered ion transporters as well as _____, because it releases _____

A

Enzymes (ATPase); Phosphates

33
Q

What is the driving force for water absorption/resorption in the cell?

A

Movement of water linked to Na transport (KNOW!!!) – Think dialysis bag experiment from undergrad –> water flows IN

34
Q

_____ and ______ are linked to the impairment of the Na pump in the kidney and small intestine

A

Hypertension and Chronic Diarehha

35
Q

Passive electrolyte movement occurs through ____ or _____

A

Channels or symporters

36
Q

Although passive electrolyte movement does not require ATP, it is still driven by ______

A

energy of electrochemical gradient (already established by ATPase)

37
Q

Give 2 examples of passive electrolyte channels

A
  1. Na+/glucose channels

2. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

38
Q

_____ and ____ ions are at high concentrations in the Plasma

A

Sodium and Chloride are at high concentrations in plasma

39
Q

In small intestinal fluid, what ions are at high concentrations? Low?

A

Na and Cl are at high concentrations in small intestine; K is at low concentrations, and bicarb varies

40
Q

What two ions are in relatively high concentrations in feces in diarrhea

A

Sodium and Potassium

41
Q

Bile, pleural, and peritoneal fluid are high in ___ and ____ ions

A

Sodium and Chloride

42
Q

Sweat is low in _____ ions

A

All 4 ions (sodium, potassium, bicarb, and chloride)

43
Q

Protein concentration is 4-5x greater in _____ vs _____

A

Plasma vs ISF

44
Q

The 2 dominant cations in plasma are ___ and ____

A

Na+ and K+

45
Q

The most abundant anions in the Plasma are ___ and ____

A

Cl- and HCO3-

46
Q

What is the anion gap?

A

The difference between the total cation concentration and the total anion concentration

47
Q

What is the driving force for water absorption/resorption?

A

Movement of water linked to Na transport

48
Q

Within renal tubules, electrolytes are reabsorbed in the _____ and water is reabsorbed in the _____

A

Proximal tubule; Collecting Duct

49
Q

Plasma filtration occurs in the ______

A

Glomerulus (Bowman’s Capsule)

50
Q

____% of filtrate is reabsorbed in the kidney

A

80%

51
Q

Excessive sweating leads to _____

A

Hypernatemia (a loss of water that concentrates sodium in the ECF/plasma)

52
Q

Because the sodium concentration in intestinal fluid and plasma are similar, but ____ concentration is the intestinal fluid is relatively higher, severe diarrhea results in ____ and _____

A

Potassium; Dehydration and Hypokalemia

53
Q

Normal physiological processes result in the generation of what 3 acids?

A
  1. Lactic acid
  2. Uric acid
  3. Carbonic acid
54
Q

Carbonic acid is generated is _____ in tissues, which dissolves in H20 to result in the release of _____

A

CO2; H+

55
Q

Typical blood H+ concentration = _____

A

~36-46 mol/L

56
Q

Typical pH range in blood is ____

A

~7.36-7.46

57
Q

Changes in pH affect the ________ and consequently will impact _______

A

Ionization of protein molecules; Enzymatic activity

58
Q

____ and ____ contain buffer systems that minimize changes in [H+]

A

Blood and Tissues

59
Q

Lungs control the exchange of ___ and ____ between ____ and the external _____

A

CO2 and O2; Blood and External environment

60
Q

RBCs transport gases between ___ and ____

A

Lungs and Tissues

61
Q

Kidneys control plasma _____ and excretion of _____

A

Plasma bicarb synthesis and Excretion of H+

62
Q

What are the 4 main buffering systems in the body?

A

Hemoglobin (RBCs), Proteins and Phosphates (Intracellular), and Bicarbonate (extracellular)

63
Q

Intracellular buffers are primarily ___ and ____

A

Proteins and Phosphates

64
Q

Intracellular buffers work by allowing ____ to enter the cell in exchange for ____

A

H+ for K

65
Q

The bicarbonate buffer system is essential for maintaining the ________ and regulating _____

A

Acid-base balance; CO2 waste

66
Q

___________ allows for the maintenance of a relatively constant plasma pH

A

Bicarbonate buffer system

67
Q

The bicarbonate buffer system will _______ that would alter plasma pH

A

Counteract any force

68
Q

What the the bicarbonate buffer system equation?

A

H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 H20 +CO2

69
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system minimizes changes in [H+] and therefore stabilizes pH when ____ or ____ is added to the blood

A

Acid or Alkali

70
Q

When acid is added to the blood it reacts with ____ forming ____ which dissociates into ____ and ____

A

Bicarbonate; Carbonic Acid; H20 and CO2 (which is exhaled thru lungs)

71
Q

In bicarb buffer system, an excess of OH- is neutralized and depletion of ___ is compensated by a decrease in _____

A

CO2; ventilation

72
Q

What are the 2 components of the bicarb buffer system?

A

Metabolic (kidney) component and Respiratory (Lungs) component

73
Q

pH = ____/____

A

pH = [HCO3-]/pCO2

74
Q

When the primary disorder is respiratory and causes an accumulation of ____, an increase in _____ ______ by the kidneys takes place

A

CO2; Bicarbonate reabsorption

75
Q

When the primary problem is metabolic, a decrease in ______ stimulates the respiratory center to ______

A

[HCO3-]; Increase ventilation rate

76
Q

Patients with metabolic acidosis will ____

A

Hyperventilate

77
Q

_____ and ____ result in acidosis

A

Dec. [HCO3-] and Inc. pCO2

78
Q

_____ and _____ result in alkylosis

A

Inc in [HCO3-] and Dec. in pCO2

Biochem 6200 Furci (8 decks)

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