Stiner-Jones Exam 3 Flashcards
_____ and ______ are essential for physiological processes
Water and Electrolytes
Water and electrolyte exchange typically takes place via 2 barriers: ______ and _____
Cell Membrane and Capillary Walls
______ play a major role in regulation of water and electrolyte homeostasis
Kidneys (Primary Organ for this)
The capillary wall separates ____ from _____
Plasma from Interstitial Fluid
Capillary walls are freely permeable to ____ and ____, but not to _____
Capillary walls are freely permeable to WATER and ELECTROLYTES, but not to PROTEIN
In cell membranes, movement of _____ and _______ is restricted and/or highly regulated
Movement of IONS and NEUTRAL MOLECULES is restricted and/or highly regulated
Movement of water linked to Na transport is critical to water ______ in the _______, and water ______ in the ________
ABsorption in the Intestines, and REsorptioning in the kidneys
Passive electrolyte movement occurs thru channels driven by ______
Energy of Electrochemical Gradients
____% of the adult body weight is water
60%
_____-_____% of cellular composition/weight is water
60-90%
ICF is ____ fraction of total water in the body
2/3
Intracellular fluid is fluid within _____
Cell walls/Cytoplasmic Fluid
ECF is _____ fraction of total water in the body
1/3
What are the main cation of the ICF?
K+
What are the main anions of the ICF?
Proteins and Phosphates
ECF consists of ____, ____, ____, and _____
ISF, Lymph, Plasma, and Transcellular Fluid
What are 3 kinds of transcellular fluids?
- Gastrointestinal Fluid
- Urine
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
Because plasma proteins cannot freely move across capillary walls, they play a major role in ____
Osmotic pressure (by drawing H2O in)
Movement between ICF/ECF is caused by differences in _____
Osmolality
Changes in ________ in one of the 2 compartments creates a gradient of osmotic pressure and causes water to move
Changes in CONCENTRATION OF OSMOLALITY ACTIVE IONS in one of the 2 compartments creates a gradient of osmotic pressure and causes water to move
Water always move from _____ to _____ osmolality to equate osmotic pressures
LOWER to HIGHER
Na is most abundant in ____, and is important in determining _________
ECF; osmolality
Glucose is usually low in _____ and has _____ effect on osmolality
Plasma; No (except in diabetics)
Movement of water between plasma and ISF depends on _______
Plasma protein concentrations
_____ exerts osmotic pressure in plasma; known as _______ pressure retaining water in vascular bed
Albumin; Oncotic
In arterial regions of capillaries, _____ pressure is greater than _____ pressure and water filters out in to the extravascular space
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE is greater that ONCOTIC PRESSURE
In venous regions of capillaries, ____ pressure is greater than hydrostatic pressure and fluid _____ the vasculature
Oncotic; Enters
Small molecules are transported by ________
Transport proteins (ion pumps)
What are the 3 functions of a sodium/potassium pump?
- Allows action potentials to occur
- Establishes an electrochemical gradient
- Extrudes 3 sodium in exchange for 2 potassium
Na/K pumps hydrolyze one _____ molecule and the energy is ______
ATP; released
Na/K pumps establish both a _____ gradient and a ____ gradient across the cell
Concentration; Electrical
Na/K pumps are considered ion transporters as well as _____, because it releases _____
Enzymes (ATPase); Phosphates
What is the driving force for water absorption/resorption in the cell?
Movement of water linked to Na transport (KNOW!!!) – Think dialysis bag experiment from undergrad –> water flows IN
_____ and ______ are linked to the impairment of the Na pump in the kidney and small intestine
Hypertension and Chronic Diarehha
Passive electrolyte movement occurs through ____ or _____
Channels or symporters
Although passive electrolyte movement does not require ATP, it is still driven by ______
energy of electrochemical gradient (already established by ATPase)
Give 2 examples of passive electrolyte channels
- Na+/glucose channels
2. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
_____ and ____ ions are at high concentrations in the Plasma
Sodium and Chloride are at high concentrations in plasma
In small intestinal fluid, what ions are at high concentrations? Low?
Na and Cl are at high concentrations in small intestine; K is at low concentrations, and bicarb varies
What two ions are in relatively high concentrations in feces in diarrhea
Sodium and Potassium
Bile, pleural, and peritoneal fluid are high in ___ and ____ ions
Sodium and Chloride
Sweat is low in _____ ions
All 4 ions (sodium, potassium, bicarb, and chloride)
Protein concentration is 4-5x greater in _____ vs _____
Plasma vs ISF
The 2 dominant cations in plasma are ___ and ____
Na+ and K+
The most abundant anions in the Plasma are ___ and ____
Cl- and HCO3-
What is the anion gap?
The difference between the total cation concentration and the total anion concentration
What is the driving force for water absorption/resorption?
Movement of water linked to Na transport
Within renal tubules, electrolytes are reabsorbed in the _____ and water is reabsorbed in the _____
Proximal tubule; Collecting Duct
Plasma filtration occurs in the ______
Glomerulus (Bowman’s Capsule)
____% of filtrate is reabsorbed in the kidney
80%
Excessive sweating leads to _____
Hypernatemia (a loss of water that concentrates sodium in the ECF/plasma)
Because the sodium concentration in intestinal fluid and plasma are similar, but ____ concentration is the intestinal fluid is relatively higher, severe diarrhea results in ____ and _____
Potassium; Dehydration and Hypokalemia
Normal physiological processes result in the generation of what 3 acids?
- Lactic acid
- Uric acid
- Carbonic acid
Carbonic acid is generated is _____ in tissues, which dissolves in H20 to result in the release of _____
CO2; H+
Typical blood H+ concentration = _____
~36-46 mol/L
Typical pH range in blood is ____
~7.36-7.46
Changes in pH affect the ________ and consequently will impact _______
Ionization of protein molecules; Enzymatic activity
____ and ____ contain buffer systems that minimize changes in [H+]
Blood and Tissues
Lungs control the exchange of ___ and ____ between ____ and the external _____
CO2 and O2; Blood and External environment
RBCs transport gases between ___ and ____
Lungs and Tissues
Kidneys control plasma _____ and excretion of _____
Plasma bicarb synthesis and Excretion of H+
What are the 4 main buffering systems in the body?
Hemoglobin (RBCs), Proteins and Phosphates (Intracellular), and Bicarbonate (extracellular)
Intracellular buffers are primarily ___ and ____
Proteins and Phosphates
Intracellular buffers work by allowing ____ to enter the cell in exchange for ____
H+ for K
The bicarbonate buffer system is essential for maintaining the ________ and regulating _____
Acid-base balance; CO2 waste
___________ allows for the maintenance of a relatively constant plasma pH
Bicarbonate buffer system
The bicarbonate buffer system will _______ that would alter plasma pH
Counteract any force
What the the bicarbonate buffer system equation?
H+ + HCO3- H2CO3 H20 +CO2
Bicarbonate buffer system minimizes changes in [H+] and therefore stabilizes pH when ____ or ____ is added to the blood
Acid or Alkali
When acid is added to the blood it reacts with ____ forming ____ which dissociates into ____ and ____
Bicarbonate; Carbonic Acid; H20 and CO2 (which is exhaled thru lungs)
In bicarb buffer system, an excess of OH- is neutralized and depletion of ___ is compensated by a decrease in _____
CO2; ventilation
What are the 2 components of the bicarb buffer system?
Metabolic (kidney) component and Respiratory (Lungs) component
pH = ____/____
pH = [HCO3-]/pCO2
When the primary disorder is respiratory and causes an accumulation of ____, an increase in _____ ______ by the kidneys takes place
CO2; Bicarbonate reabsorption
When the primary problem is metabolic, a decrease in ______ stimulates the respiratory center to ______
[HCO3-]; Increase ventilation rate
Patients with metabolic acidosis will ____
Hyperventilate
_____ and ____ result in acidosis
Dec. [HCO3-] and Inc. pCO2
_____ and _____ result in alkylosis
Inc in [HCO3-] and Dec. in pCO2
